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ANP 242 Exam Review 4 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Excretion: removal of organic wastes from body fluids
  2. Elimination: discharge of waste products
  3. Homeostatic regulation: of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
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3
Q

Describe the location and shape of the kidney.

A

Location:
retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region (approximately from T12-L3)
right kidney is lower than the left, due to size of the liver
adrenal glands sit atop the kidney

Location: convex lateral surface, concave medial surface
renal hilum (notched area) leads to the renal sinus
Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at the hilum

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4
Q

Describe the supportive tissues around the kidney. What are they used for?

A

The supportive tissue is for protection for the kidney

  1. Renal fascia
    - the anchoring outer layer of dens fibrous connective tissue
  2. Perinephretic (perirenal) fat capsule
    - a fatty cushion
  3. Fibrous renal capsule
    - prevents spread of infection to kid
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5
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney.

A

Renal cortex - granular superficial region

Renal medulla - deep to cortex, darker in color

lobe - a medullary pyramid and its surrounding corticol tissue

papilla- tip of pyramid, release urine into minor calyx

renal pelvis - the funnel-shaped tube with the renal sinus

major calyces - the branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into the pelvis

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6
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the kidney?

A

Renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arterioles > (NEPHRONS) glomerulus > efferent arteriole > pertibular capillaries (nephrons) > venules > cortical radiate veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > renal vein

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7
Q

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

A
  1. Glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries, brings blood to be cleaned into the nephron
  2. Renal Tubule - area where the most of the urine product is fine tuned
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8
Q

What are the parts of a renal tubule?

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
descending limb
ascending limb

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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9
Q

What are the three steps in urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
    returns all glucose and amino acids, 99% of water, salt, and other components to the blood
  3. Tubular secretion
    Reverse of reabsorption; selective addition to urine
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10
Q

Describe the structural renal corpuscle. How does blood enter and leave the glomerulus? Describe the function of renal corpuscle.

A

Structure = Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule

Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Function: filtration - high blood pressure in the glomerulus pushes small solutes and water out of the bloodstream and throught the filtration membrane into the Bowman’s capsule of the renal tubule.

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11
Q

What factors can influence of the GFR?

A

*

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the Glomerular (Bowmans) Capsule?

A

1st portion of the renal tubule
cup-shaped and surrounds glomerulus

walls of the glomerular capsule are composed of cells called podocytes

podocytes contain feet like processes called pedicels

spaces between pedicels of podocytes are called filtration slits

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule. Describe the function of the PCT.

A

structure: simple cuboidal epithelium
receives tubular fluid (filtrate) from Bowman’s Capsule

Function:
Reabsorption - main function
60-70% filtrate is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream

Secretion - secondary function
In secretion, PCT is secreting ammonium ions, creatinine, drugs, and toxins

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle). Describe the functions of the Loop of Henle.

A

*

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the Distal Convoluted Tubule. Describe the functions of the DCT.

A

*

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the Collecting Systen, Describe the functions of the collecting system.

A

aa

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17
Q

How do the hormones Aldosterone, ADH, and ANP affect urine formation?

A

a

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18
Q

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus - JGA? What are the main structures and cells involved in JGA?

A

*

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19
Q

Describe the Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

A

*

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20
Q

Describe the location, structure, function of the ureters

A

*

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21
Q

Describe the location, structure, and function of the bladder

A

*

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22
Q

Describe the location, structure, and function of the urethra

A

*

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23
Q

What are the differences between a male and female urethra?

A

*

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24
Q 
Describe..
color
transparency
odor
pH
specific gravity
composition of urine

How much is normally produced per day?

A

clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome)- color can be altered by drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet
cloudy urine may indicate a UTI

slightly aromatic when fresh, develops ammonia odor, may be altered by some drugs and vegetables

pH: slightly acidic (~pH 6, range of 4.5-8.0); diet prolonged vomiting, or UTI may alter pH

Specific gravity 1.001 to 1.035 dependent on solute concentration

95% water & 5% solutes
Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Na+, K+, PO43-, and SO42-
Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3-

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25
Q

What would be some substances not normally found in urine. What pathologies could some of them indicate if they are present in the urine?

A 
RBC
WBC
Bacteria 
Glucose
Large proteins
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26
Q

Where are the micturition centers in the brain located?

A

Pontine (pons) control centers and corticospinal mature between ages 2 and 3 for conscious control over micturition

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27
Q

Describe the process of micturition in an adult

A
  1. ureters drip urine into bladder
  2. bladder fills to 200mL, stretch receptors send messages to spinal cord
  3. spinal cords parasympathetic messages back to the bladder
  4. 5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
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28
Q

Describe the following urinary pathologies:

renal calculi

A

aka Nephrolithiasis
kidney stones form in renal pelvis

usually composed of crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts

Larger stones block ureter, cause pressure and pain in kidneys

Maybe because of chronic bacterial infections, urine retention, increased calcium in blood. increased pH of urine
more common in males than females
riskier as we age

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29
Q

Describe the following urinary pathologies:

urinary tract infection

A

Usually caused by E. Coli (bacteria found in colon)

In UTI, bacteria get deposited in the urethra or bladder and can cause an infection

Symptoms: painful, frequent, sometimes blood-tinged urination = Dysuria

More commonly seen in females due to the location and length of the female urethra

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30
Q

Describe the following urinary pathologies:
renal failure

nickname?
definition?
possible causes?
Treatments?

A

aka: kidney failure
when the number of functioning nephrons becomes too low to carry out normal kidney functions
because of kidney failure, toxic wastes will quickly accumulate in the blood

Possibles causes: 
repeated infections damaging the kidneys
physical trauma to kidneys
chemical poisoning of kidneys
inadequate blood supply to the kidneys

Treatments:
Dialysis - artificial means to clean the blood
must undergo 4-8 hours/3days a week
Kidney Transplant

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31
Q

Describe the following urinary pathologies:

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomerulus of kidney, which disrupts proper filtration

can be the result of a Streprococcus infection. Usually infection is not in kidney, but antigen-antibody produce the immune system clog the filtration mechnism in the glomerulus as they circulate in the blood. This decreases the GFR.

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32
Q

Dysuria

A

another name for painful urination

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33
Q

Urethritis

A

infection in urethra

34
Q

Cystitis

A

bladder infection

35
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

kidney infection

36
Q

Micturition

A

Urination or voiding

37
Q

Incontinence

A

inability to control urination voluntarily

38
Q

What are the 3 simultaneous events of micturition

A
  1. Contraction of detrusor muscle by ANS
  2. Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
  3. Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system
39
Q

Urinary tract

A

Organs that eliminate urine

40
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Receives the remaining tubular fluid from the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

Main function is secretion
Macula densa cells located here

41
Q

Nephron Loop /Loop of Henle

A

Will extend down into renal medulla of kidney

Filtrate flows from PCT into the descending limb, then into the ascending limb

42
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Receives tubular fluid from Bowman’s capsule

Main function: reabsorption
Secondary function: secretion

43
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

A

1st portion of the renal tubule

Cup shaped and surround glomerulus

Walls contain cells: podocytes

44
Q

Renal tubule

A 
Where urine is fine tuned
Has sections:
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
45
Q

Glomerulus

A

A tuft of capillaries
Brings blood to be cleaned into the nephron

Blood enters this via afferent arteriole, exits via efferent arteriole
Walls composed of Fenestrated glomerular endothelium

46
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The funnel-shape tube within renal sinus

47
Q

Papilla

A

Tip of pyramid, release urine into minor calyx

48
Q

Fibrous renal capsule

A

Prevents spread of infection to kidney

Tissue layer outside of the kidney

49
Q

Perinephretic (perirenal) fat capsule

A

A fatty cushion

Tissue layer outside of the kidney

50
Q

Renal fascia

A

The anchoring layer of dense fibrous connective tissue supporting the outside of the kidney

51
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Temporary storage for urine

Muscular sac

52
Q

Ureters

A

Paired tubes

Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder

53
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that produce urine

Major excretory organ

54
Q

Trigone

A

In urinary bladder
Smooth triangular area outlined by the opening for ureters and urethra
Acts as a funnel to channel urine towards the urethra

55
Q

Renal cortex

A

granular superficial region, lighter color (kidney)

56
Q

Renal medulla

A

deep to cortex and darker in color

cone-shaped medullary renal pyramids separated by renal columns (kidney)

57
Q

Major calyx

A

The branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into the pelvis

58
Q

Minor calyx

A

Receives urine from papilla

59
Q

Urine

A

Excess water of nutrients, toxins that the body does not need

Urine is sterile, see other notecard

60
Q

Nephron

A

Structural and functional units that form urine
the “filters” of the kidney
~1 million per kidney, microscopic

Takes blood filters out toxins, excess water/nutrients body does not need

Nephron returns filtered blood back to the body

61
Q

Pertibular capillaries

A

*

62
Q

Vasa recta

A

the name of the blood vessel that surrounds the loop of Henle and reabsorbs ions and water back into the bloodstream

63
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus + it Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

64
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells in the walls of Bowman’s capsule

65
Q

Pedicels

A

“feet-like” processes in podocytes

66
Q

Filtration slits

A

Spaces between pedicels of podocytes

67
Q

filtrate

A

fluid found inside the nephron, this is what will become urine

68
Q

Tubular fluid

A

aka filtrate

fluid found inside the nephron

69
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate = GFR

A

The rate of filtrate production per minute

GFR is ~125mL/min

70
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder

71
Q

diuretics

A

substances that increase the amount of urine output

Example: osmotic diuretics, ADH inhibitors, caffeine, other drugs

72
Q

Granular cells

A

aka Juxtaglomerular or JG cells
Main cells in JGA
Enlarged smooth muscle cells of arteriole
Secretory granules contain the hormone renin
Act as a mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure, stimulated when pressure of blood drops

73
Q

Macula densa

A

Tall closely packed cells of the ascending limb of the nephron loop

Detect if the filtration rate has dropped

74
Q

Descending limb

A

Made up of simple squamous epithelial cells, which are permeable to water, but do not contain pumps or transport proteins for solutes, water will be reabsorbed here

75
Q

Ascending limb

A

Composed of cuboidal epithelial cells covered with glycoprotein layer

Less permeable to water, but more able to pump solutes and ions

Sodium and chloride will be reabsorbed here

76
Q

Countercurrent multiplication

A

the movement of fluid back and forth between the ascending and descending limb of the loop

Helps drive the movement of water, sodium ions, and chloride ions in the DCT

77
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

Receive filtrate from the DCT of many nephrons out in the cortex of the kidney
Larger than tubules in the nephron because they collect fluid from many nephrons

Empty their filtrate into larger papillary ducts influenced by Aldosterone and ADH

78
Q

Inner mucosa layer

A

lining of transitional epithelium with mucous of the ureter wall

79
Q

middle mucosa layer

A

smooth muscle muscularis of the ureter wall
contracts in response to stretch
can perform peristaltic waves to propel urine

80
Q

Outer connective tissue layer

A

Adventitia of fibrous connective tissue of the ureter wall

81
Q

Inner layer of urethra

A

mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelium

82
Q

What are the

Five Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System

A
  1. Regulates blood volume and blood pressure:
    - adjusts volume of water lost in urine
    - releasing erythropoietin and renin
  2. Regulates plasma ion concentrations
  3. Helps stabilize blood pH:
    - by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
  4. Conserves valuable nutrients
    - by preventing excretion while excreting organic waste products
  5. Assists liver in detoxifying poisons

ANP 242 Exam Review 4 (1 decks)

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