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AP2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the Kidneys

A

Filters: blood plasma
Regulates: blood volume and BP, osmolarity, PCO2 and acid base balance
Secretes: renin (controls BP and electrolytes), and erythropoietin
Processes: separates waste from useful (waste is removed, useful is returned) and gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Nitrogenous wastes

A

Urea, Uric acid, creatinine

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3
Q

Uric acid formation

A

Proteins > Amino acids > Remove NH2 > ammonia > liver converts ammonia to Urea

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4
Q

Urea

A

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

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5
Q

Creatinine

A

Product of creatinine phosphate catabolism

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6
Q

Urinary excretes

A

Metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, water

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7
Q

Renal circulation

A

Aorta > renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > interlobular artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > vasa recta| > peritubular capillaries > interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein > inf vena cava

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8
Q

Vasa recta

A
  • Specialized capillary bed

- ONLY in medulla

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9
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Longest, most coiled
Simple cuboidal epithelium
With microvilli
Largest amount of recovery

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10
Q

Nephron loop/ Loop of Henle

A

Salt - water gradient

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11
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

Shorter, less coiled
WITHOUT microvilli
End of nephron
Last effort for recovery

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12
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

85% of all nephrons
Short nephron loops
Efferent > branch into peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 15 % of all nephrons
  • long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in medulla&raquo_space; helps to conserve water
  • Efferent branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop
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14
Q

Basic stages of Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration - create filtrate
  2. Tubular reabsorption - remove useful sources from filtrate, return to blood for use
  3. Tubular secretion - remove additional wastes from blood, add to filtrate
  4. Water conservation - remove water from urine, return to blood (concentrates waste)
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15
Q

Name the fluid by location/phase

A

In capsular space: glomerular filtrate

In PCT&raquo_space; DCT: tubular fluid (substances are removed/added)

In collecting duct: urine (no other changes in composition)

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16
Q

Glomerular filtrate membrane: what is turned back

A

Blood cells
Plasma proteins large anions
Protein-bound minerals and hormones
Molecules > 8nm in diameter

17
Q

Glomerular filtrate membrane: passed through filter

A 
Water
Electrolytes
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Vitamins
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
18
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Capillary fluid exchange process: some diluted pass from capillaries into capsular space of nephron

19
Q

Kidney infections and trauma—

A

Damage filtration membrane:
» allow aluminum or blood cells to filter

> > proteinuria (albuminuria) : protein in urine

> > hematuria : blood in urine

20
Q

Forces in Glomerular Filtratiob

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure : 60mmhg

Colloid osmotic pressure :
-32mmHg

Capsular pressure :
-18mmHg

Net filtration pressure :
10mmHg

21
Q

High BP in glomerulus

A

Hypertension in kidneys
» tears in basement membrane
&raquo_space; rupture of glomerular capillaries
&raquo_space; scarring of kidneys (nephrosclerosis)
&raquo_space; atherosclerosis of renal blood vessels
&raquo_space; renal failure!

22
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A
  • higher than in most capillaries
  • afferent arteriole larger than efferent arteriole
  • larger inlet, smaller outlet
23
Q

Capsular pressure

A

18mmHg due to high filtration rate and continual accumulation of fluid in the capsule

24
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Glomerular filtrate is almost protein free and has no COP

We want bc it will affect pressure if proteins get stuck

25
Q

Glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

Amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

Male: 180 L/day
Female: 150L/day

Total amount: 50-60x amount of blood in body
- 99% of filtrate reabsorbed since 1-2 L of urine excreted per day

26
Q

GFR too HIGH

A

What happens:

  • fluid flows thru tubules too rapidly
  • urine output ^
  • may cause dehydration and electrolyte depletion
27
Q

GFR too low: what happens

A
  • wastes are reabsorbed

- Azotemia may occur ***

28
Q

GFR controlled by adjusting glomerular blood pressure. 3 mechanisms:

A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Sympathetic control
  3. Hormonal control
29
Q

Renal autoregulation

A

Ability of the nephrons to adjust own blood flow

Maintains relatively stable GFR

2 methods: myogenic (muscular) and tubuloglomerular feedback

30
Q

Renal autoregulation: antigenic mechanism

A

Smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched
-inc arterial blood pressure stretches afferent arteriole
-arteriole constricts and prevents blood flow to glomerulus from changing
-» when blood pressure FALLS: afferent arteriole relaxes
&raquo_space;> allows blood flow more easily into glomerulus

filtration remains stable!

31
Q

Renal autoregulation: tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Glomerulus receives feedback of tubular fluid and adjusts filtration to regulate the COMPOSITION of the fluid, stabilize its performance, and compensate for fluctuation

  • -juxtaglomerular apparatus: @ end of nephron loop
    • loop comes into contact w afferent and efferent arterioles

internal sensing system

32
Q

Renal autoregulation: 3 specialized cells

A
  1. Macula densa: sense
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells: constrict afferent arteriole
  3. Mesangial: capillaries
33
Q

Macula densa

A

Slender closely spaced epithelial cells at the end of nephron loop

Senses variations in flow or fluid composition
» secretes paracrine that stimulates JG cells

34
Q

JG cells

A

Enlarges smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

Stimulated by macula > dilate/constrict arteriole, secrete renin in drop of low pressure

35
Q

JG apparatus: if GFR rises

A
  • flow of tubular fluid inc and more NaCl is reabsorbed
  • Macula densa stimulates JG cells w paracrine
  • JG cells contract, construct afferent arteriole, reduce GFR to normal OR
    • mesangial cells contract, construct capillaries and reducing filtration
36
Q

JG apparatus: if GFR falls

A
  • macula densa relaxes afferent arterioles and mesangial cells
  • blood flow inc and GFR rises back to normal
37
Q

PCT

  • reabsorbs __%
  • removes:
  • secretes into _____ for ______
A
  • 65% of glomerular filtrate
  • substances from blood
  • secretes into tubular fluid for DISPOSAL in urine
38
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • prominent microvilli
  • lots of mitochondria for ATP for active transport
  • account for 6% of resting ATP and calorie consumption

AP2 (1 decks)

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