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Microanatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

A

Production of hormones
Regulation of blood pressure
Regulation of water and acid/base balance
Excretion of wates

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2
Q

Unlobar vs Multilobar

A

Dog - Unilobar

Cow - Multilobar

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3
Q

Unilobar Kidney

A

Found in dog, cat, horses, and small ruminants
A single lobe formed by fusion of several lobes during development
Pyramid is no longer obvious
Broad papilla forms renal crest
Collecting ducts feed in to renal pelvis

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4
Q

Multilobar Kidney

A

Found in cow, pig, and primate
Has multiple lobes
The apex of each lobe is directed towards sinus and forms a papilla
Major and minor calices
Pig and primates have a smooth surface, cow has fissures

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5
Q

Renal Lobe

A

Each lobe consists of:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla

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6
Q

Renal Lobe: Outer Cortex

A

Outer Cortex: is made up of:

  1. Pars convoluta or cortical labyrinth
  2. Pars radiata or Medullary Rays
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7
Q

Renal Lobe: Inner Medulla

A

Inner Medulla: is made up of:

  1. Loops of Henle
  2. Collecting ducts

Collecting ducts open through tiny openings in papilla called Area Cribosa

Urine then drains into minor calyx, which feeds into Major Calyx (multilobar) or directly into renal pelvis (unilobar)

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8
Q

Pars Convoluta

A

Part of the renal cortex that contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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9
Q

Pars radiata

A

Part of the renal cortex alternating with pars convoluta consisting of collecting tubules and straight portions of nephrons

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10
Q

Area Cribosa

A

Collecting ducts open through tiny opening in papilla called Area Cribosa

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11
Q

Renal lobule

A

Medullary Ray + 1/2 of Pars convoluta on either side

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12
Q

Interlobular Arteries

A

Form the borders of the renal lobules

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13
Q

Uriniferous Tubules

A

The functional unit of each kidney is microscopic uriniferous tubule.
Includes:
Nephron - produces urin
Renal corpuscle
Renal Tubules
Collecting duct - collecting, concentrates, and transports urine

A medium-sized dog may contain 800,000 nephrons.

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14
Q

Nephron

A

A. Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule

B. Renal Tubule

  1. Convoluted tubule
    - Proximal ct
    - Distal ct
  2. Loop of Henle
    - Proximal straight tubule
    - Thin descending limb
    - Thin ascending limb
    - Thick ascending limb
  3. Connecting Tubule
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15
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Includes tuft of capillaries called glomerulus housed in a bulbous capsule called glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

The glomerulus connects the afferent arteriole to the efferent arteriole

The glomerular capsule consists of an internal (visceral) and external (parietal) part lined by epithelial cells

Parietal layer is lined by simple squamous cells

Visceral layer is lined by epithelial cells called podocytes

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16
Q

Vascular pole

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles enter/leave

17
Q

Urinary pole

A

where proximal tubule originates

18
Q

Podocytes

A

Epithelial cells lining the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

Have cytoplasmic processes called foot processes or pedicels

Pedicals interdigitate to form filtration slits

Podocytes cover the entire surface of the capillary except at the filtration slits

19
Q

Mesangial Cells

A

Phagocytic cell found between capillaries of glomerulus

Cytoplasmic processes extend between endothelial cells

Function is to clean the GBM of the particulate matter

20
Q

Filtration Barrier

A

Formed by:

  1. Fenestrated capillary epithelium
  2. Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)
  3. Filtration slit between the podocytes
21
Q

Glomerular Basement Membrance (GBM)

A

Formed by fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes

Thicker than other basement membrances

Has three layers:

  1. Lamina rara interna - made up of heparan sulfate
  2. Lamina densa - made up of type IV collagen
  3. Lamina rara externa - made of heparan sulfate
22
Q

Glomerular Basement Membrane Filter Substance by:

A

Size due to type IV collagen

Charge due to negatively charged heparan sulfate

23
Q

Renal Function

A

Filtration, by which water and solutes in the blood leave vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron

Tubular reabsorption, by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitum and surrounding capillaries

Tubular secretion, buy which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake form the surrounding interstitum and capillaries

24
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Blood entering the glomerulus is subject to glomerular filtration

Renal blood flow ~ 20% - 25% of cardiac output

Of the total daily renal blood flow, ~60,000ml of fluid becomes the glomerular filtrate (capsular urine) in a 30lb dog.

Only 1% or ~600 ml of urine is excreted daily.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - the volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time.

25
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Substances are reabsorbed selectively in different parts of the uriniferous tubules

Active Transport:
Glucose
Amino acids
Na+

Passive Diffusion:
Water
Urea

Hormones like parathormone, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also influence the reabsorption process

26
Q

Tubular Reabsorption: Glucose

A

Passes freely through the filtration barrier

100% of filtered glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubules

Glucosuria (glucose in urine) occurs when glucose threshold is exceeded (i.e. blood glucose levels reach twice the normal)

27
Q

Tubular Reabsorption: Na+

A

98% reabsorbed in PCT and loop of Henle

Remainder absorbed in DCT and collecting duct

28
Q

Tubular Reabsorption: Urea

A

Passes freely across the filtration barrier by diffusion

Passively absorbed in PCT

The extent of water reabsorption influence the amount of urea in the urine

BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen

29
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

The substances secreted include:

  1. Endogenous compounds
    - Creatinine
    - Histamine
    - Metabolic products of hormones
  2. Exogenous compounds
    - Antibiotics
    - Aspirin
    - Other Drugs
  3. Water, cations (H+, K+, Na+), and anions (Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-2) pass into tubular lumen by passive or active mechanisms.
30
Q

General Features of Tubular Epithelium

A

Channels, transporters, pumps, etc. within the apical and basolateral membranes differ in type and quantity

Function of epithelium is determined by:
1. The asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes (

Microanatomy (6 decks)

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