Urinary System Flashcards
Calciferol
Active form of vitamin, secreted by the kidney
Arteriole
Small artery
Calyx or calix
Calixes or calices
Cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Catheter
Tube for injecting or removing fluid
Cortex
Outer region of an organ
Creatinine
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Creating clearance
A measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatine from the blood
Electrolyte
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
Erythropoietin
EPO
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
Filtration
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter
Glomerular capsule
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Glomerulus
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidneys
Hilum
Depression in a organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
Kidney
One of two bean shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region, it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.
Meatus
Opening or canal
Medulla
Inner region of an organ
Medulla cavity
In long bones, the inner most part of the containing red and yellow bone marrow
Nephron
Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney
Nitrogenous waste
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Potassium
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that the proper on contraction is maintained within the blood
Reabsorption
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
Renal artery
Blood vessels that carries blood to the kidney
Renal pelvis
Central collecting region on the kidney
Renal vein
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart
Renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney, it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction ( narrowing of blood vessels)
Sodium
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses
Trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder
Urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Ureter
One of the two tubules leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Uris acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
Urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
Urination
Process of expelling urine, also called micturition
Cali/o; Calic/o
Calyx; cup shaped
Caliectasis
Caliectasis is a kidney condition in which the part of the kidney that drains urine into the bladder becomes dilated.
Caliceal
Pertaining to the calyx
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder
Cystitis
Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder and inflammation of the bladder
Cystectomy
Surgical removal of the bladder or a part of it
Cystostomy
An opening made on the urinary bladder
Glomerul/o
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
Meat/o
Meatus
Meatal stenosis
Meatal stenosis is a narrowing of the opening of the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body.
Nephr/o
Kidney
Parenephric
Near the kidney
Nephroptosis
Is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up.
Nephropexy
An operation to put a floating kidney in place
Nephrolithotomy
Incision into the kidney to remove a kidney stone
Hydronephrosis
Swelling of the kidney due to a build up of urine;
Obstruction of urine flow due to a renal calculi
Nephrostomy
A nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis).
Pyel/o
Renal pelvis
Pyelolithotomy
Removal of a large stone contributing to a blockage of urine flow and development of infection
Ren/o
Kidney
Renal ischemia
The deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys
Renal colic
Intermittent spasms of pain cause by inflammation and distention on the kidney
Trigon/o
Trigone; region of the bladder
Trigontitis
Inflammation of the bladder Trigone
Ureter/o
Ureter
Ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of the ureter
Ureteroileostomy
Surgical implantation of a ureter into an isolated segment of the ileum which drains through an abdominal stoma.
Urethr/o
Urethra
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Urethroplasty
Surgical repair of the urethra
Urethral stricture
An abnormal narrowing of the urethra
Vesic/o
Urinary bladder
Intravesical
Within the urinary bladder
Vesicoureteral reflux
is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract.
Albumin/o
Albumin (a protein in the blood)
Albuminuria
Having too much protein in the urine
Azot/o
Nitrogen
Azotemia
Abnormally high levels of nitrogen in the blood
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
Bacteriuria
A significant number of bacteria in the urine
UTI
Urinary tract infection
C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing
Dips/o
Thirsty
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Kal/o
Potassium
Hyperkalemia
High potassium level in the blood
Ket/o; keton/o
Ketone bodies
Ketosis
s a condition in which levels of ketones (ketone bodies) in the blood are elevated.
Acetone
A ketone body that is released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled through the mouth
Lith/o
Stone
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stone
Natr/o
Sodium
Hyponatremia
A condition that happens when the levels of sodium in your body is low
Noct/o
Night
Nocturia
Frequent urination at night
Olig/o
Scanty
Oliguria
Low output of urine
-Poeitin
Substance that forms
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced largely in the kidneys that influences the rate of production of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Py/o
Pus
Pyuria
Condition of urine containing pus
-tripsy
Crushing
Lithotripsy
is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter (tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder).
Ur/o
Urine
Uremia
toxic effects of abnormally high concentrations of nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of the kidney’s failure to expel these waste products by the way of urine
Enuresis
Not being able to control your urination
Diuresis
Increased or excessive production of urine
Anti diuretic hormone
acts to maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content by controlling the concentration of urine made by the kidneys.
Urinary incontinence
Loss of bladder control resulting in urine leaking out of the urethra
Urinary retention
The inability to empty the bladder of urine completely or the outflow of urine is blocked
-uria
Urination or urine condition
Dysuria
Painful urination
Anuria
Condition when the kidneys are not able to produce urine
Hematuria
Presence of blood in urine
Glycosuria
Excretion of glucose in urine
Polysuria
A condition where you urinate an excessive or large amount of urine that is not normal
Specific gravity
Reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals, and solids into the urine
Ketone bodies
Are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver
Sediment and casts
The presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of a pathological condition
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down the amino acid phenylalanine
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Interstitial nephritis
Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
Nephrotic syndrome
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the lining of the reval pelvis and renal parenchyma
Hypernephroma
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
Renal failure
Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
Renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting in kidney disease
Wilms tumor
Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
Bladder cancer
Malignant tumor of the ur nary bladder
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Anti diuretic hormone is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
Diabetes Mellitus DM
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
Blood urea nitrogen BUN
Measurement of urea levels in blood
Creatine clearance
Measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
CT Urography
X-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross sectional and other views of the kidney
Kidneys, ureters, and bladders (KUB)
X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
Renal angiography
X-ray examination of the blood vessels of the kidney
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
X-ray image, without contrast, of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
Ultrasonography
Imaging of the urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Radioisotope scan
Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
MRI Urography
Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
Cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
Dialysis
Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood
Hemodialysis (HD)
Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste filled blood from the patients bloodstream, filters it through and artificial porous membrane , and returns dialyzed blood to the patients body
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
Uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal, abdominal, cavity
Lithotripsy
Urinary tract stones are crushed
Renal angioplasty
Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
Renal biopsy
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
Renal transplantation
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
Urinary catherization
Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
Foley catheter
Cather held in place by a balloon filled with liquid
AKI
Acute renal injury
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
CAPD
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
Cl-
Chloride
CrCl
Creatine clearance
CRF
Chronic renal failure
Cysto
Cystoscopic examination
eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESWL
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD
Hemodialysis
IC
Interstitial cystitis- chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram
K+
Potassium
KUB
Kidney, ureter, bladder
Na+
Sodium
PD
Peritoneal dialysis
pH
Scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
PKD
Polycystic kidney disease
PUL
Percutaneous infrasound lithotripsy
RP
Retrograde pyelography
sp gr
Specific gravity
UA
Urinalysis
UTI
Urinary tract infection
VCUG
Voiding cystourethrogram
Bulbourethral glands
Pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra
Ejaculation
Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra.
Ejaculatory duct
Tube through which semen enters the male urethra
Epididymis
One of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes above each testis. It stores and carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens
Erectile dysfunction
Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection
Flagellum
Hair like projection on a sperm cell that allows it to move
Fraternal twins
Two infants resulting from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm cells
Glans penis
Sensitive Tip of the penis;
Identical twins
Two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg into two distinct embryos
Conjoined twins
Incompletely separated identical twins
Interstitial cells of the testes
Specialized cells that lie adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes
Parenchymal tissue
Essential distinctive cells of an organ
Penis
Male external organ
Perineum
External region between the a us and the scrotum on the male
Prepuce
Foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
Prostate gland
Exocrine gland at the base of the of the male urinary bladder. It secretes one of the fluid parts of semen into the urethra during ejaculation
Scrotum
External sac that contains the testes
Semen
Spermatozoa and seminal fluids discharged from the urethra during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles
Paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens
Seminiferous tubules
Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes
Spermatozoon; spermatozoa
Sperm cell
Sterilization
Procedure that removed a persons ability to produce or release reproductive cells
Stromatolites tissue
Supportive connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma
Testis
Male gonad that produces spermatozoa and the hormone testosterone
Testosterone
Hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes, responsible for male sex characteristics
Vas deferens
Narrow tube carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra
Andr/o
Male
Androgen
is the broad term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
Balan/o
Glans penis
Balanitis
Inflammation of the foreskin and head of penis
Cry/o
Cold
Cryogenic surgery
Procedure that destroys cells by freezing them
Crypt/o
Hidden
Cryptorchidism
Congenital condition where one or both testicles do not descend, by the time of birth, into the scrotal sac from the abdominal cavity
Epididym/o
Epididymis
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis caused by bacteria
Gon/o
Seed
Gonorrhea
is a common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium.The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge.
Hydro
Water, fluid
Hydrocele
Sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o
Testis, testicle
Orchiectomy
The removal of the testicles in males
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testicles
Pen/o
Penis
Penile
Pertaining to the penis
Prostat/o
Prostate gland
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
Prostatectomy
Removal of the prostate gland
Semin/I
Semen, seed
Seminiferous tubules
are the site of the germination, maturation, and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes.
Sperm/o, spermat/o
Spermatozoa, semen
Spermolytic
A substance that destroys sperm
Oligospermia
is a male fertility issue defined as a low sperm concentration in the ejaculate or low sperm count.
Aspermia
The complete lack of semen
Terat/o
Monster
Teratoma
is an encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of more than one germ layer.
Test/o
Testis, testicle
Testicular
Pertaining to the testicles
Varic/o
Varicose veins
Varicocele
is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum
Vas/o
Vessel, duct, vas deferens
Vasectomy
Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
Zo/o
Animal life
Azoospermia
Lack of spermatozoa in the semen
-genesis
Formation
Spermatogenesis
is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis.
-one
Hormone
Testosterone
The male sexual hormone
-pexy
Fixation, put in place
Orchiopexy
is a surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there
-stomy
New opening
Vasovasostomy
is a surgery by which vasectomies are partially reversed.
Testicular torsion
Twisting of the spermatic cord
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland
Carcinoma of the prostate
Malignant tumor of the prostate gland
Hypospadias
Congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Phimosis
Narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
Chlamydial infection
Bacterial invasion of the urethra and reproductive tract
Gonorrhea
Inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci.
Herpes genitalis
Infection of the skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV)
Infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region
Syphilis
Chronic STD caused by a spirochete, spiral shaped bacteria
PSA test
Measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
Semen analysis
Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid
Castration
Surgical excision of testicles
Circumcision
Surgical procedure to remove the foreskin of the penis
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
Finger palpating through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (Greenlight PVP)
Removal of the tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia using a green light laser
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Excision of the benign hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra
BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
DRE
Digital rectal examine
ED
Erectile examine
GU
Genitourinary
HPV
Human papilloma virus
NSU
Non specific urethritis
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
PIN
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, precursor to prostate cancer
PSA
Prostate specific antigen
PVP
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate
RPR
Rapid plasma regain, test for syphilis
STD
Sexually transmitted disease
STI
Sexually transmitted infection
TRUS
Transcretal ultrasound, test to asses the prostate and guide precise placement of a biopsy
TUIP
Transurethral incision of the prostate to reduce an enlarged prostate
TUMT
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy
TUNA
Transurethral needle ablation, radio frequency energy destroys prostate tissue
TURP
Transurethral resection go the prostate
