URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
What is the primary cause of CYSTITIS?
Bacterial invasion by Escherichia coli
Cystitis refers specifically to inflammation of the bladder.
Who are more commonly affected by urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Women
UTIs are significantly more prevalent in women due to anatomical differences.
What is the pathophysiology of a UTI?
The invading organism ascends the urinary tract, irritating the mucosa
This irritation leads to the characteristic symptoms of a UTI.
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI?
- Low-grade fever
- Low back pain
- Suprapubic pain
- Pain/burning on urination
- Incomplete emptying of bladder
- Cloudy, dark, and foul smelling urine
These symptoms vary in severity among individuals.
What laboratory tests are used to diagnose a UTI?
- Urinalysis
- Urine Culture
Both tests typically show positive results for WBC, RBC, pus, and bacteria.
What nursing management strategies should be employed for a UTI?
- Administer antibiotics as ordered
- Provide warm baths
- Force fluids (3 liters per day)
- Encourage measures to acidify urine
Acidifying urine can help alleviate symptoms and prevent future infections.
What is a key nursing intervention to alleviate painful voiding?
Allow client to void in warm baths
This method can provide comfort during urination.
What are some predisposing factors for UTIs?
- Poor hygiene
- Irritation from bubble baths
- Urinary reflux
- Instrumentation
- Residual urine, urinary stasis
- Dehydration
Understanding these factors can help in prevention strategies.
Fill in the blank: _______ are effective against E. coli and are highly concentrated in urine.
Sulfa drugs
Sulfa drugs are a common treatment option for UTIs.
What dietary recommendations can help manage a UTI?
- Increase intake of cranberry juice
- Maintain an acid-ash diet
Both can help acidify urine, which may reduce symptoms.
True or False: Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra.
True
Urethritis is one of the conditions associated with UTIs.
What is a common recommendation for girls to prevent UTIs?
Wipe perineum from front to back
This practice helps to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
URETHRITIS
Inflammation of the urethra commonly associated with a sexually transmitted disease; may occur with cystitis.
In men
urethritis most often is caused by gonorrhea or chlamydial infection.
In women
urethritis most often is caused by feminine hygiene sprays
Clinical Manifestations
Pain or burning on urination
Frequency and urgency
Nocturia
O Difficulty voiding
Males may have clear to mucopurulent discharge from the penis.
Females may have lower abdominal discomfort.
Nursing Management
Encourage fluid intake.
Prepare the client for testing to determine whether a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is present.
Administer antibiotics as prescribed.
Instruct the client in the administration of sitz or tub baths.
If stricture occurs
prepare the client for dilation of the urethra and instillation of an antiseptic solution.
。 Instruct the female client to avoid the use of perfumed toilet paper or sanitary napkins and feminine hygiene sprays.
Instruct the client to avoid intercourse until the symptoms subside or treatment of the STI is complete.
O Instruct the client about STIs if this is the cause.
URETERITIS
An inflammation of the ureter commonly associated with bacterial or viral infections and pyelonephritis
Clinical Manifestations
Dysuria
Frequent urination
Clear to mucopurulent penile discharge in males
Nursing Management
Treatment includes identifying and treating the underlying cause and providing symptomatic relief.
Administer metronidazole (Flagyl) or clotrimazole (Mycelex) as prescribed for treating Trichomonas infection.
Administer nystatin (Mycostatin) or fluconazole (Diflucan) as prescribed for treating yeast infections.
