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Reproductive System > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters does the kidney filter

A

200 liters

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2
Q

What is removed from the body as urine

A

toxins, metabolic waste, and excess ions

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3
Q

what happens when the kidney stops functioning

A

the body’s fluids become contaminated

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4
Q

major organs

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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5
Q

kidneys

A

major excretory organs, create urine

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6
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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7
Q

urinary bladder

A

temporarily stores urine

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8
Q

urethra

A

transports urine out of the body

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9
Q

functions of the kidney

A
  • regulating total water volume and total solute concentration
  • regulating ion concentration in extracellular fluid (ECF)
    …
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10
Q

renal hilum

A

point of entrance/exit for ureters, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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11
Q

3 surrounding layers

A
  • renal fascia
  • perirenal fat capsule
  • fibrous/renal capsule
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12
Q

renal fascia

A

anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

perirenal fat capsule

A

fatty cushion

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14
Q

fibrous/renal capsule

A

transparent capsule – prevents spread of infection to the kidneys

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15
Q

renal trauma

A

the inferior portions of the kidneys are unprotected, especially the right kidney – the renal artery is susceptible to laceration

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16
Q

renal ptosis

A

condition in which 1 or both kidneys drop to a lower position
- caused by loss of surrounding fatty tissue - likely with emaciation for rapid weight loss
- can lead to a kink in the ureter and the back up of the urine into the kidney

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17
Q

hydronephrosis

A

backup of urine into the kidney because or ureteral obstruction or infection
- can cause kidney damage, tissue death, renal failure

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18
Q

hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine

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19
Q

dialysis

A

process of removing waste and extra fluid from the body when the kidneys are unable to

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20
Q

internal anatomy of kidney (3 distinct regions)

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
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21
Q

renal cortex

A

lighter color, granular appearance

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22
Q

renal medulla

A

darker color, contains cone-shaped masses called Rena pyramids
- papilla
- renal column

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23
Q

papilla

A

the apex of each pyramid

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24
Q

renal column

A

projections from the renal cortex that divide the renal pyramids

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25
Q

renal pelvis

A

tunnel-shaped tube, continuous with the ureter
- major calyces
- minor calyces

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26
Q

major calyces

A

branching extensions of the pelvis

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27
Q

minor calyces

A

subdivisions of the major calyces, enclose the papillae

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28
Q

where is urine created

A

in the nephrons

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29
Q

where does urine drain

A

continuously through the renal papillae

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30
Q

path of urine flow

A
  • renal pyramid
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
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31
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation or infection of the kidney
- extension of UTI

32
Q

what is UTI caused by

A

spread of fecal bacteria, less often by blood-borne bacteria

33
Q

what happens to the kidney in severe pylonephritis

A

the kidney swells, abscesses form, and the pelvis fills with pus

34
Q

what type of blood supply does kidneys have

A

rich blood supply

35
Q

how much does the renal artery deliver to the kidneys each minute

A

1/4th of cardiac output

36
Q

Arterial flow

A

aorta -> renal artery -> segmental -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortical radiate

37
Q

venous flow

A

cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal vein -> IVC

38
Q

nephron

A

the structural + functional unit of the kidney, forms urine

39
Q

what do nephrons make

A

cell-free and protein-free filtrate from blood

40
Q

each nephron consists of what

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
41
Q

2 main parts of renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus
  • glomerular/bowman’s capsule
42
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries composed of fernestrated endothelium - highly porous, allows for efficient formation of filtrate

43
Q

glomerular/bowman’s capsule

A

cup-shaped, hollow structure that surrounds the glomerulus, continuous with the renal tubule

44
Q

parietal layer

A

simple squamous epithelium

45
Q

visceral layer

A

clings to the glomerular capillaries, contains branching epithelial called called podocytes

46
Q

podocytes

A

terminate in foot processes

47
Q

filtration slits

A

clefts/openings between foot processes. filtrate passes through these sites and into the capsular space

48
Q

renal tubule

A

about 3 cm long, consists of a single layer of epithelial cells + basement membrane, each region has a unique histology and function

49
Q

3 major parts of nephron

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
50
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

closest to the renal corpuscle
- cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
- increased surface area
- large mitochondria

51
Q

Functions of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

reabsorption of water + solutes and secretion of substances
- confined to renal cortex

52
Q

nephron loop

A

u-shaped, a hairpin turn; has ascending and descending limbs

53
Q

Descending Limb (nephron loop)

A

proximal part is continuous with PCT; distal part is the descending thin limb (simple squamous epithelium)

54
Q

Ascending limb (nephron loop)

A

typically, thicker, cuboidal + columnar cells

55
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

furthest from the renal corpuscle, drains into the collecting duct
- cuboidal cells with few mircovilli

56
Q

functions of distal convoluted tubule

A

more in secretion, less reabsorption
- confined to renal cortex

57
Q

collecting ducts

A

runs side-by-side through the medullary pyramids and receive filtrate from many different nephrons
- collecting ducts fuse together to deliver urine through the renal papillae to the minor calyces

58
Q

2 cell types for collecting ducts

A
  • principal cells
  • intercalated cells
59
Q

principal cells

A

more plentiful, sparse, short microvilli, maintain the body’s water/Na+ balance

60
Q

intercalated cells

A

cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli; exist in type A and B - both help maintain the acid-base balance of blood

61
Q

2 categories of nephrons

A
  • cortical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
62
Q

cortical nephrons

A

(85%)
- almost entirely in the cortex

63
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

(15%)
- originate near the cortex-medulla junction
- have long nephron loops that deeply invade the renal medulla
- important for the production of concentrated urine

64
Q

2 capillary beds of nephrons

A
  • glomerulus
  • peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)
65
Q

glomerulus

A

produces fltrate

66
Q

peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)

A

reclaim/reabsorb most of that filtrate

67
Q

glomerulus (slide 25)

A
68
Q

peritubular capillaries (slide 26)

A
69
Q

vasa recta

A

arise from the efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons
- long, thin-walled vessels running parallel to the juxtamedullary nephrons long nephron loops
- supply O2 and nutrients into the renal medulla
- function in formation of concentrated urine

70
Q

juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus
- important role in regulating the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

71
Q

how many juxtaglomerular complex does each nephron have

A

1

72
Q

3 cell populations of (JGC)

A
  • macula densa
  • granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells
73
Q

macula densa

A
  • tall, closely packed cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
  • chemoreceptors that sense the NaCl content of filtrate entering the DCT
74
Q

Granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

A
  • enlarged, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole wall
  • act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
  • contain secretory granules for the enzyme renin
75
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A
  • located between the arteriole and tubule cells
  • interconnected by gap junctions
  • may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells

Reproductive System (3 decks)

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