urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

principal organs of the urinary system;

A

kidney

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2
Q

regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain “dynamic constancy,” or homeostasis, of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

A

urinary system

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3
Q

comprise much of the medullary tissue; papilla is at the tip of each pyramid and releases urine through multiple ducts

A

renal pyramids

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4
Q

where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids

A

renal columns

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5
Q

kidneys are highly vascular

A

blood vessels of the kidney

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6
Q

large branch of the abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney (renal vein= blood away from kidney)

A

renal artery

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7
Q

extend to the nephrons(filter blood) and (microscopic functional units of kidney tissue)

A

afferent arterioles

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8
Q

Tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder
2 of them

A

ureter

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9
Q

Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
Aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body

A

function of urinary bladder

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10
Q

muscle contracts at first, then at appropriate time relaxes to release urine

A

External urethral sphincter

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11
Q

the microscopic functional units, comprise the bulk of the kidney; each nephron is made of two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to a shared collecting duct

A

nephrons

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12
Q

made of the glomerulus tucked inside a Bowman capsule; located within the cortex of the kidney

A

renal corpuscle

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13
Q

cup-shaped mouth of the nephron
Formed by parietal and visceral walls with a space between them

A

bowman (glomerular) capsule

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14
Q

network of fine capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

formed by glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and the visceral layer of Bowman capsule; function is filtration

A

Glomerular capsular membrane

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16
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule: first part of the renal tubule nearest to Bowman capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course; also known as the proximal tubule (most reabsorption happens here)

A

renal tubules

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17
Q

most absorption happens

A

renal tubules

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18
Q

henle (nephron) loop

A

Renal tubule segment just beyond the proximal tubule

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19
Q

convoluted tubule beyond the Henle loop; also known as the distal tubule

A

distal convoluted tubule

20
Q

located where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal convoluted tubule

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

21
Q

Straight duct joined by the renal tubules of several nephrons
Collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a minor calyx

A

collecting duct

22
Q

Afferent arteriole enters

A

glomerular capillary network

23
Q

leaves glomerulus and extends to the peritubular blood supply

A

Efferent arteriole

24
Q

straight arterioles that run alongside Henle loop

A

vase rectae

25
surround renal tubule
Peritubular capillaries
26
movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule
filtration
27
movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood
tubular reabsorption
28
movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion
tubular secretion
29
first step in blood processing
filtration
30
Filtration occurs as a result of a
pressure gradient
31
second step in urine formation
reabsorption
32
Reabsorption in the Henle loop Two countercurrent mechanisms
Countercurrent multiplier mechanism Countercurrent exchange mechanism
33
are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ascending limb, where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute and creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure of the medulla’s interstitial fluid
sodium and chloride
34
targets the cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts to make them more permeable to water
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
35
the movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid
tubular secretion
36
hormone that targets the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells; causes increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump
aldosterone
37
secreted by atrial muscle fibers, promotes loss of sodium by urine; opposes aldosterone, thus causing the kidneys to reabsorb less water and thereby produce more urine
Atrial natriuretic hormone
38
secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases distal tubule absorption of sodium, thereby raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting reabsorption of water
aldosterone
39
influences water reabsorption; as water is reabsorbed, the total volume of urine is reduced by the amount of water removed by the tubules; ADH reduces water loss
ADH
40
rapid and effective regulation of GFR by changes in afferent arteriole smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
myogenic mechanism
41
also related to the total amount of solutes other than sodium excreted in urine; in general, the more solutes, the more urine
urine volume
42
approximately 95% water with several substances dissolved in it
urine composition
43
result of protein metabolism; include urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine
Nitrogenous wastes
44
Disorders that interfere with normal urine flow from the kidney Backing up of urine and may cause swelling in the renal pelvis
obstructive disorders
45
examples of obstructive disorders
renal calculi (kidney stones) tumors
46
Caused by narrowing of the renal artery (stenosis) which may be caused by plaques Leads to increases in renin Insert stint into the renal artery to increase blood flow
renal hypotension