urinary system

Question 1

principal organs of the urinary system;

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain “dynamic constancy,” or homeostasis, of the internal fluid environment within normal limits

Answer 2

urinary system

Question 3

comprise much of the medullary tissue; papilla is at the tip of each pyramid and releases urine through multiple ducts

Answer 3

renal pyramids

Question 4

where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids

Answer 4

renal columns

Question 5

kidneys are highly vascular

Answer 5

blood vessels of the kidney

Question 6

large branch of the abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney (renal vein= blood away from kidney)

Answer 6

renal artery

Question 7

extend to the nephrons(filter blood) and (microscopic functional units of kidney tissue)

Answer 7

afferent arterioles

Question 8

Tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder
2 of them

Answer 8

ureter

Question 9

Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
Aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body

Answer 9

function of urinary bladder

Question 10

muscle contracts at first, then at appropriate time relaxes to release urine

Answer 10

External urethral sphincter

Question 11

the microscopic functional units, comprise the bulk of the kidney; each nephron is made of two regions (renal corpuscle and renal tubule) and connects to a shared collecting duct

Answer 11

nephrons

Question 12

made of the glomerulus tucked inside a Bowman capsule; located within the cortex of the kidney

Answer 12

renal corpuscle

Question 13

cup-shaped mouth of the nephron
Formed by parietal and visceral walls with a space between them

Answer 13

bowman (glomerular) capsule

Question 14

network of fine capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule

Answer 14

glomerulus

Question 15

formed by glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and the visceral layer of Bowman capsule; function is filtration

Answer 15

Glomerular capsular membrane

Question 16

Proximal convoluted tubule: first part of the renal tubule nearest to Bowman capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course; also known as the proximal tubule (most reabsorption happens here)

Answer 16

renal tubules

Question 17

most absorption happens

Answer 17

renal tubules

Question 18

henle (nephron) loop

Answer 18

Renal tubule segment just beyond the proximal tubule

Question 19

convoluted tubule beyond the Henle loop; also known as the distal tubule

Answer 19

distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

located where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 20

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 21

Straight duct joined by the renal tubules of several nephrons
Collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a minor calyx

Answer 21

collecting duct

Question 22

Afferent arteriole enters

Answer 22

glomerular capillary network

Question 23

leaves glomerulus and extends to the peritubular blood supply

Answer 23

Efferent arteriole

Question 24

straight arterioles that run alongside Henle loop

Answer 24

vase rectae

Question 25

surround renal tubule

Answer 25

Peritubular capillaries

Question 26

movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule

Answer 26

filtration

Question 27

movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood

Answer 27

tubular reabsorption

Question 28

movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion

Answer 28

tubular secretion

Question 29

first step in blood processing

Answer 29

filtration

Question 30

Filtration occurs as a result of a

Answer 30

pressure gradient

Question 31

second step in urine formation

Answer 31

reabsorption

Question 32

Reabsorption in the Henle loop
Two countercurrent mechanisms

Answer 32

Countercurrent multiplier mechanism
Countercurrent exchange mechanism

Question 33

are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ascending limb, where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute and creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure of the medulla’s interstitial fluid

Answer 33

sodium and chloride

Question 34

targets the cells of distal tubules and collecting ducts to make them more permeable to water

Answer 34

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 35

the movement of substances out of the blood and into tubular fluid

Answer 35

tubular secretion

Question 36

hormone that targets the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells; causes increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump

Answer 36

aldosterone

Question 37

secreted by atrial muscle fibers, promotes loss of sodium by urine; opposes aldosterone, thus causing the kidneys to reabsorb less water and thereby produce more urine

Answer 37

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 38

secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases distal tubule absorption of sodium, thereby raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting reabsorption of water

Answer 38

aldosterone

Question 39

influences water reabsorption; as water is reabsorbed, the total volume of urine is reduced by the amount of water removed by the tubules; ADH reduces water loss

Answer 39

ADH

Question 40

rapid and effective regulation of GFR by changes in afferent arteriole smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Answer 40

myogenic mechanism

Question 41

also related to the total amount of solutes other than sodium excreted in urine; in general, the more solutes, the more urine

Answer 41

urine volume

Question 42

approximately 95% water with several substances dissolved in it

Answer 42

urine composition

Question 43

result of protein metabolism; include urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine

Answer 43

Nitrogenous wastes

Question 44

Disorders that interfere with normal urine flow from the kidney
Backing up of urine and may cause swelling in the renal pelvis

Answer 44

obstructive disorders

Question 45

examples of obstructive disorders

Answer 45

renal calculi (kidney stones)
tumors

Question 46

Caused by narrowing of the renal artery (stenosis) which may be caused by plaques
Leads to increases in renin
Insert stint into the renal artery to increase blood flow

Answer 46

renal hypotension