Urinary System Flashcards
What are the 6 organs that make up the urinary system?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
What are the functions of the kidney?
Excretion, maintaining blood volume and concentration, blood pressure, erythrocyte concentration, vitamin D production
Describe the location of the kidney
Posterior part of the abdomen on each side of the spine. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left.
What gland is above the kidneys?
Adrenal gland
What is the innermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
Renal capsule
What is the second layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
Adipose capsule
what is the outermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
Renal fascia
what are triangular structures within the medulla?
renal pyramids
what are the tips of the renal pyramid called?
renal papillae
what is the outer surface of the kidney called?
renal cortex
what is the inner portion of the kidney called?
renal medulla
cortical substance between the renal pyramids
renal columns
composed of the cortex and the renal pyramid
parenchyma
functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
funnel-shaped structure that surrounds the tip of each renal pyramid and collects urine from each renal papillae
minor calyx
minor calyces joined together
major calyx
a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join
renal pelvis
how many nephrons are in a kidney?
approximately 1 million
double-walled globe located in the cortex of the kidney
Bowman’s glomerular capsule
what are the two types of nephrons?
Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons
What are the 2 components in each nephron?
vascular and tubular components
a capillary network surrounded by bowman’s capsule?
glomerulus
made up of Bowman’s glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus?
renal corpuscle
innermost layer of the bowman’s glomerular capsule
visceral layer
outer wall of the bowman’s glomerular capsule
parietal layer
ducts that empty urine into the renal pelvis?
papillary ducts
which limb of Henle is highly permeable to water and solutes?
descending
what do the proximal tubule, ascending limb of Henle, and the collecting duct do?
transport molecules and ions across the wall of the nephron.
what arteries transport one-quarter of the total cardiac output directly to the kidneys?
right and left renal arteries
branches of the renal arteries in the renal columns?
interlobar arteries
the interlobar arteries that arch between the cortex and medulla?
arcuate arteries
what takes blood from the renal artery to Bowman’s glomerular capsule?
afferent arteriole
what carries non-filtered blood away from the glomerular capsule?
efferent arteriole
surround the convoluted tubules of a nephron and is formed from the division of efferent arterioles?
peritubular capillaries
veins that are formed by reuniting peritubular capillaries
interlobular vein
rises from arcuate artery?
interlobular artery
drains filtered blood at the base of the pyramid?
arcuate vein
carries filtered blood from the interlobar veins to the hilum?
right and left renal vein
the nerve supply to the kidneys?
renal plexus
what are the 3 main functions of the nephron?
filtration, reabsorption and secretion
the eliminated materials from the filtered blood?
urine
what type of nephron is 15-20% of the nephrons and has a long nephron loop?
Juxtamedullary nephron
what type of nephron is 80-85% of the nephrons and has a short nephron loop?
Cortical nephron
majority of reabsorption occurs in which tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule
which limb of Henle reabsorbs water by osmosis?
descending
which limb of Henle reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions by active transport?
ascending
which tubule reabsorbs sodium ions by active transport and water by osmosis?
Distal convoluted tubule
where do the glomeruli of cortical nephrons lie?
outer layer of the cortex
where do the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons lie?
inner layer of the cortex
which nephron dips slightly into medulla and peritubular
capillaries entwine around the short Loops of Henle?
cortical nephron
which nephron plunges the entire depth of the
medulla and peritubular capillaries form vasa recta?
juxtamedullary nephron
The vascular component consists of which parts of the nephron?
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries.
The tubular component consists of which part of the nephron?
Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle. distal tubule and collecting duct.
Only blood filtration occurs at the glomerulus. True or False?
True
what supplies the renal tissue with blood and O2 and carries away waste?
peritubular capillaries
what do peritubular capillaries rejoin to form?
Venules
what are the 3 basic renal processes that lead to the production of urine?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
what is the transfer of non-filtered substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule?
tubular secretion
what is the selective movement of filtered substances from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries?
tubular reabsorption
what is the non discriminant filtration of a protein-free plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule?
glomerular filtration
In order to be filtered from the blood to the tubules, a substance must make it across?
the capillary wall of the glomerulus, the basement membrane and the filtration slits between podocytes.
the renal corpuscle produces a protein-free solution called?
glomerular filtrate
the ureter leaves the kidney through what?
the hilum
epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s glomerular capsule
podocytes
what occurs when blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space?
Filtration
filtration within the renal corpuscle involves three layers known as?
capillary endothelium, basal lamina and glomerular epithelium
filtrate passing through filtration slits consist of?
water, ions, small organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), very few plasma proteins
glomerular epithelium consists of special cells called?
podocytes
any potential useful substances are reabsorbed in what tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
what 3 cells do the juxtaglomerular complex consist of?
Macula densa cells (monitor electrolyte concentration), Juxtaglomerular cells (secretes hormones) and Mesangial cells (provides physical support for the arteries)
what are the two hormones that juxtaglomerular complex produce?
Renin (involved in regulating blood pressure) and Erythropoietin (involved in erythrocyte production)
Formula for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
GFR = Filtration coefficient (Kf) x Net Filtration Pressure
Forces involved in glomerular filtration
glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
what is the Net filtration pressure?
Net filtration pressure = 10mmHg
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Myogenic mechanism (arteriolar smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting) and Tubuloglomerular feedback (the release of adenosin in the kidney when GFR is increased)
capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called?
vasa recta
which portion of the nephron loop does water leave and enter the bloodstream (preventing dehydration)?
Descending portion
which portion of the nephron loop pumps ions (sodium ions and chloride ions) to prevent the loss of these ions?
Ascending portion
the filtrate that enters the DCT of various nephrons empties into a common tube called?
the collecting duct
Filtrate enters the () and leaves through the ()
papillary duct/minor calyx/major calyx, Ureter/Urinary bladder/Urethra
The collecting system consists of?
connecting tubules, collecting ducts and papillary ducts
a triangular region of the bladder formed by the two openings from the ureters and the single urethral opening
trigone
the ureter connects to the urinary bladder at what side?
posterior/inferior side
what transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
urinary bladder
three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder wall
detrusor
located at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra; made of smooth muscle
internal urinary sphincter
In males, the base of the urinary bladder is between (_).
the rectum and the symphysis pubis
In females, the base of the urinary bladder is inferior to the () and anterior to the ()
uterus, vagina
another word for urination
Micturition
an unconscious reflex and conscious desire to urinate
micturition reflex
Urine is transported by what movement?
peristalsis
The male urethra is subdivided into 3. what are they?
Prostatic urethra (passes through the prostate gland), Membranous urethra (goes through the urogenital diaphragm) and Spongy urethra (extends through the penis to the external urethral orifice)
The opening of the urethra to the outside is called?
the urethral orifice
the external urinary sphincter has voluntary control. true or false?
True
what happens during urination?
detrusor muscles contract, muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall contract, external urinary sphincter relaxes and urine moves from bladder to the outside.
what are composed of uric acid, magnesium, calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate and are formed in the renal pelvis?
Kidney stones
larger kidney stones are pulverized with?
ultrasound lithotripsy
inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial infection and causes a frequent urge to urinate
cystitis
blood in urine
hematuria
decreased urine production by 500mL/day
oliguria
production of an excessive amount of urine
polyuria
excessive amount of urine in the blood
uremia
excessive number of white blood cells in the urine
pyuria
elevated protein in the urine
proteinuria
inflammation of the kidneys, the filtration membrane within the renal capsule is infected with bacteria.
glomerulonephritis
a condition of uncontrollable and continued flow of urine
caused by neurological dysfunctions
urinary incontinence
kidneys are abnormally enlarged and contain numerous cysts
polycystic kidney disease
a rare congenital defect in
which all or part of one or both kidneys fail to develop
properly resulting in death shortly after birth
congenital polycystic disease
a rare condition resulting in
death after a few years of age; it develops from kidney and
liver failure and portal hypertension
childhood polycystic disease
characterized by lower back pain and high blood pressure where the kidneys eventually fail resulting in uremia and death
adult polycystic disease
renal failure can be treated by a procedure
hemodialysis
