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KINE 1P99 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 organs that make up the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Excretion, maintaining blood volume and concentration, blood pressure, erythrocyte concentration, vitamin D production

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3
Q

Describe the location of the kidney

A

Posterior part of the abdomen on each side of the spine. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left.

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4
Q

What gland is above the kidneys?

A

Adrenal gland

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5
Q

What is the innermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal capsule

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6
Q

What is the second layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?

A

Adipose capsule

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7
Q

what is the outermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal fascia

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8
Q

what are triangular structures within the medulla?

A

renal pyramids

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9
Q

what are the tips of the renal pyramid called?

A

renal papillae

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10
Q

what is the outer surface of the kidney called?

A

renal cortex

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11
Q

what is the inner portion of the kidney called?

A

renal medulla

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12
Q

cortical substance between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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13
Q

composed of the cortex and the renal pyramid

A

parenchyma

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14
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

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15
Q

funnel-shaped structure that surrounds the tip of each renal pyramid and collects urine from each renal papillae

A

minor calyx

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16
Q

minor calyces joined together

A

major calyx

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17
Q

a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q

how many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

approximately 1 million

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19
Q

double-walled globe located in the cortex of the kidney

A

Bowman’s glomerular capsule

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20
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons

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21
Q

What are the 2 components in each nephron?

A

vascular and tubular components

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22
Q

a capillary network surrounded by bowman’s capsule?

A

glomerulus

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23
Q

made up of Bowman’s glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus?

A

renal corpuscle

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24
Q

innermost layer of the bowman’s glomerular capsule

A

visceral layer

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25
Q

outer wall of the bowman’s glomerular capsule

A

parietal layer

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26
Q

ducts that empty urine into the renal pelvis?

A

papillary ducts

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27
Q

which limb of Henle is highly permeable to water and solutes?

A

descending

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28
Q

what do the proximal tubule, ascending limb of Henle, and the collecting duct do?

A

transport molecules and ions across the wall of the nephron.

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29
Q

what arteries transport one-quarter of the total cardiac output directly to the kidneys?

A

right and left renal arteries

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30
Q

branches of the renal arteries in the renal columns?

A

interlobar arteries

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31
Q

the interlobar arteries that arch between the cortex and medulla?

A

arcuate arteries

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32
Q

what takes blood from the renal artery to Bowman’s glomerular capsule?

A

afferent arteriole

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33
Q

what carries non-filtered blood away from the glomerular capsule?

A

efferent arteriole

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34
Q

surround the convoluted tubules of a nephron and is formed from the division of efferent arterioles?

A

peritubular capillaries

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35
Q

veins that are formed by reuniting peritubular capillaries

A

interlobular vein

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36
Q

rises from arcuate artery?

A

interlobular artery

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37
Q

drains filtered blood at the base of the pyramid?

A

arcuate vein

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38
Q

carries filtered blood from the interlobar veins to the hilum?

A

right and left renal vein

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39
Q

the nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

renal plexus

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40
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the nephron?

A

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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41
Q

the eliminated materials from the filtered blood?

A

urine

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42
Q

what type of nephron is 15-20% of the nephrons and has a long nephron loop?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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43
Q

what type of nephron is 80-85% of the nephrons and has a short nephron loop?

A

Cortical nephron

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44
Q

majority of reabsorption occurs in which tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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45
Q

which limb of Henle reabsorbs water by osmosis?

A

descending

46
Q

which limb of Henle reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions by active transport?

A

ascending

47
Q

which tubule reabsorbs sodium ions by active transport and water by osmosis?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

48
Q

where do the glomeruli of cortical nephrons lie?

A

outer layer of the cortex

49
Q

where do the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons lie?

A

inner layer of the cortex

50
Q

which nephron dips slightly into medulla and peritubular
capillaries entwine around the short Loops of Henle?

A

cortical nephron

51
Q

which nephron plunges the entire depth of the
medulla and peritubular capillaries form vasa recta?

A

juxtamedullary nephron

52
Q

The vascular component consists of which parts of the nephron?

A

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries.

53
Q

The tubular component consists of which part of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle. distal tubule and collecting duct.

54
Q

Only blood filtration occurs at the glomerulus. True or False?

A

True

55
Q

what supplies the renal tissue with blood and O2 and carries away waste?

A

peritubular capillaries

56
Q

what do peritubular capillaries rejoin to form?

A

Venules

57
Q

what are the 3 basic renal processes that lead to the production of urine?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

58
Q

what is the transfer of non-filtered substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule?

A

tubular secretion

59
Q

what is the selective movement of filtered substances from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries?

A

tubular reabsorption

60
Q

what is the non discriminant filtration of a protein-free plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule?

A

glomerular filtration

61
Q

In order to be filtered from the blood to the tubules, a substance must make it across?

A

the capillary wall of the glomerulus, the basement membrane and the filtration slits between podocytes.

62
Q

the renal corpuscle produces a protein-free solution called?

A

glomerular filtrate

63
Q

the ureter leaves the kidney through what?

A

the hilum

64
Q

epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s glomerular capsule

A

podocytes

65
Q

what occurs when blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space?

A

Filtration

66
Q

filtration within the renal corpuscle involves three layers known as?

A

capillary endothelium, basal lamina and glomerular epithelium

67
Q

filtrate passing through filtration slits consist of?

A

water, ions, small organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), very few plasma proteins

68
Q

glomerular epithelium consists of special cells called?

A

podocytes

69
Q

any potential useful substances are reabsorbed in what tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

70
Q

what 3 cells do the juxtaglomerular complex consist of?

A

Macula densa cells (monitor electrolyte concentration), Juxtaglomerular cells (secretes hormones) and Mesangial cells (provides physical support for the arteries)

71
Q

what are the two hormones that juxtaglomerular complex produce?

A

Renin (involved in regulating blood pressure) and Erythropoietin (involved in erythrocyte production)

72
Q

Formula for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

GFR = Filtration coefficient (Kf) x Net Filtration Pressure

73
Q

Forces involved in glomerular filtration

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

74
Q

what is the Net filtration pressure?

A

Net filtration pressure = 10mmHg

75
Q

Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Myogenic mechanism (arteriolar smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting) and Tubuloglomerular feedback (the release of adenosin in the kidney when GFR is increased)

76
Q

capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called?

A

vasa recta

77
Q

which portion of the nephron loop does water leave and enter the bloodstream (preventing dehydration)?

A

Descending portion

78
Q

which portion of the nephron loop pumps ions (sodium ions and chloride ions) to prevent the loss of these ions?

A

Ascending portion

79
Q

the filtrate that enters the DCT of various nephrons empties into a common tube called?

A

the collecting duct

80
Q

Filtrate enters the () and leaves through the ()

A

papillary duct/minor calyx/major calyx, Ureter/Urinary bladder/Urethra

81
Q

The collecting system consists of?

A

connecting tubules, collecting ducts and papillary ducts

82
Q

a triangular region of the bladder formed by the two openings from the ureters and the single urethral opening

A

trigone

83
Q

the ureter connects to the urinary bladder at what side?

A

posterior/inferior side

84
Q

what transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

85
Q

hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis

A

urinary bladder

86
Q

three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder wall

A

detrusor

87
Q

located at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra; made of smooth muscle

A

internal urinary sphincter

88
Q

In males, the base of the urinary bladder is between (_).

A

the rectum and the symphysis pubis

89
Q

In females, the base of the urinary bladder is inferior to the () and anterior to the ()

A

uterus, vagina

90
Q

another word for urination

A

Micturition

91
Q

an unconscious reflex and conscious desire to urinate

A

micturition reflex

92
Q

Urine is transported by what movement?

A

peristalsis

93
Q

The male urethra is subdivided into 3. what are they?

A

Prostatic urethra (passes through the prostate gland), Membranous urethra (goes through the urogenital diaphragm) and Spongy urethra (extends through the penis to the external urethral orifice)

94
Q

The opening of the urethra to the outside is called?

A

the urethral orifice

95
Q

the external urinary sphincter has voluntary control. true or false?

A

True

96
Q

what happens during urination?

A

detrusor muscles contract, muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall contract, external urinary sphincter relaxes and urine moves from bladder to the outside.

97
Q

what are composed of uric acid, magnesium, calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate and are formed in the renal pelvis?

A

Kidney stones

98
Q

larger kidney stones are pulverized with?

A

ultrasound lithotripsy

99
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial infection and causes a frequent urge to urinate

A

cystitis

100
Q

blood in urine

A

hematuria

101
Q

decreased urine production by 500mL/day

A

oliguria

102
Q

production of an excessive amount of urine

A

polyuria

103
Q

excessive amount of urine in the blood

A

uremia

104
Q

excessive number of white blood cells in the urine

A

pyuria

105
Q

elevated protein in the urine

A

proteinuria

106
Q

inflammation of the kidneys, the filtration membrane within the renal capsule is infected with bacteria.

A

glomerulonephritis

107
Q

a condition of uncontrollable and continued flow of urine
caused by neurological dysfunctions

A

urinary incontinence

108
Q

kidneys are abnormally enlarged and contain numerous cysts

A

polycystic kidney disease

109
Q

a rare congenital defect in
which all or part of one or both kidneys fail to develop
properly resulting in death shortly after birth

A

congenital polycystic disease

110
Q

a rare condition resulting in
death after a few years of age; it develops from kidney and
liver failure and portal hypertension

A

childhood polycystic disease

111
Q

characterized by lower back pain and high blood pressure where the kidneys eventually fail resulting in uremia and death

A

adult polycystic disease

112
Q

renal failure can be treated by a procedure

A

hemodialysis

KINE 1P99 (2 decks)

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