Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
- What is/are the main excretory organ/s of the body?
A. skin
B. lungs
C. intestines
D. kidneys
A
kidneys
2
Q
The kidney functions in
A. preventing blood loss.
B. white blood cell production.
C. synthesis of vitamin E.
D. excretion of metabolic wastes.
E. production of the hormone aldosterone.
A
excretion of metabolic wastes.
3
Q
Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?
A. urine storage
B. excretion of waste
C. maintenance of fluid balance
D. regulate synthesis of vitamin D
E. regulate synthesis of RBCs
A
urine storage
4
Q
Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the
A. urethra.
B. ureter.
C. calyces.
D. renal columns.
E. renal tubules.
A
ureter
5
Q
Arrange the following structures in correct sequence:
(1) ureter
(2) renal pelvis
(3) calyx
(4) urinary bladder
(5) urethra
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
C. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
D. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
A
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
6
Q
The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the
A. hilum.
B. renal fascia.
C. renal fat pad.
D. renal capsule.
E. renal cortex.
A
renal fat pad
7
Q
Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the
A. hilum.
B. renal fascia.
C. renal pelvis.
D. renal capsule.
E. renal pyramid.
A
hilum
8
Q
The ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the
A. hilum.
B. renal pelvis.
C. renal capsule.
D. renal pyramid.
E. renal corpuscle.
A
renal pelvis
9
Q
The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is
A. cortex.
B. medulla.
C. pelvis.
D. calyx.
E. columns.
A
medulla
10
Q
Cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the
A. calyx tissue.
B. renal papillae.
C. renal columns.
D. medullary rays.
E. renal corpuscles.
A
renal columns
11
Q
The tip of each renal pyramid is called
A. a nephron.
B. a renal papilla.
C. a renal column.
D. a medullary ray.
E. the apex.
A
a renal papilla
12
Q
The renal papillae extend into the
A. cortex.
B. renal columns.
C. minor calyces.
D. major calyces.
A
minor calyces
13
Q
The structural and functional units of the kidney are called
A. nephrons.
B. renal papillae.
C. renal pyramids.
D. renal columns.
E. renal tubes.
A
nephrons
14
Q
The juxtamedullary nephrons
A. have long loops of Henle.
B. are found next to the renal capsule.
C. comprise 85% of all nephrons.
D. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla.
E. have short loops of Henle.
A
have long loops of Henle
15
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
A.loop of Henle
B.collecting duct
C.renal corpuscle
D.proximal convoluted tubule
E.distal convoluted tubule
A
collecting duct
16
Q
The network of capillaries that is located in Bowman’s capsule is called the
A. vasa recta.
B. glomerulus.
C. peritubular capillary.
D. proximal convoluted capillary.
E. efferent arteriole.
A
glomerulus
17
Q
The renal corpuscle consists of
A. the renal pelvis and the renal tubules.
B. the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
C. Bowman’s capsule and the renal pelvis.
D. the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus.
E. afferent and efferent arteriole.
A
the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
18
Q
Which of the following structures is a capillary?
A. glomerulus
B. loop of Henle
C. collecting duct
D. Bowman’s capsule
E. proximal convoluted tubule
A
glomerulus
19
Q
The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
A. is part of the filtration membrane.
B. is called endothelium.
C. contains podocytes.
D. is part of the filtration membrane and is called endothelium.
E. is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes.
A
is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes.
20
Q
Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?
A. podocytes
B. macula densa
C. glomerular endothelium
D. the basement membrane
E. parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
A
glomerular endothelium
21
Q
The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule consists of specialized cells called
A. nephrons.
B. podocytes.
C. nephrocytes.
D. juxtamedullary cells.
E. macula densa.
A
podocytes
22
Q
The openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called
A. fenestrae.
B. gap junctions.
C. filtration slits.
D. macula densa.
E. membrane channels.
A
fenestrae
23
Q
Filtration slits is the name given to the
A. points where the afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle.
B. openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries.
C. gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
D. basement membrane of the glomerular endothelium.
E. active transport channels.
A
gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
24
Q
An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the
A. glomerulus.
B. renal artery.
C. macula densa.
D. efferent arteriole.
E. arcuate artery.
A
glomerulus
25
The filtration membrane consists of the
A. capillary epithelium, podocytes, and macula densa.
B. podocytes, basement membrane, and macula densa.
C. basement membrane, capillary epithelium, and macula densa.
D. parietal layer and visceral layer.
E. podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane.
podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
26
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of
A. juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
B. podocytes and juxtaglomerular cells.
C. the macula densa and the filtration membrane.
D. juxtaglomerular cells and the filtration membrane.
E. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
A. juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
27
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
A. glomerulus.
B. ascending loop of Henle.
C. distal convoluted tubule.
D. proximal convoluted tubule.
E. descending loop of Henle.
distal convoluted tubule
28
The renal corpuscle connects to the
A. loop of Henle.
B. collecting duct.
C. distal convoluted tubule.
D. renal convoluted tubule.
E. proximal convoluted tubule.
proximal convoluted tubule
29
Which of the following is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
A. the glomerulus
B. the loop of Henle
C. the distal convoluted tubule
D. the proximal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct
the loop of Henle
30
Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the
A. loop of Henle.
B. collecting duct.
C. distal convoluted tubule.
D. proximal convoluted tubule.
E. Bowman's capsule.
collecting duct
31
Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.
(1) loop of Henle
(2) Bowman's capsule
(3) distal convoluted tubule
(4) proximal convoluted tubule
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 4, 2, 1, 3
C. 2, 4, 3, 1
D. 2, 4, 1, 3
E. 3, 4, 1, 2
2, 4, 1, 3
32
What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?
A. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
B. stratified squamous epithelium
C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D. simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia
simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
33
One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that
A. there is a double set of venules.
B. blood flows from arterioles into venules.
C. blood flows from venules into arterioles.
D. each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
E. the nephron is only associated with the glomerulus.
each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
34
The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the
A. glomerulus.
B. afferent arteriole.
C. efferent arteriole.
D. peritubular capillary.
E. interlobular artery.
peritubular capillary.
35
Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?
A. glomerulus
B. arcuate artery
C. efferent arteriole
D. interlobular artery
E. afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
36
Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus:
(1) interlobar artery
(2) interlobular artery
(3) segmental artery
(4) arcuate artery
(5) afferent arteriole
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
E. 1, 4, 3, 2
3, 1, 2, 4, 5
37
The urinary bladder
A. stores urine until it is voided.
B. empties to the exterior via the ureters.
C. contains a muscle called the trigone.
D. is superior to the kidney.
E. filters urine.
stores urine until it is voided
38
Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the
A. trigone.
B. lamina propria.
C. external urinary sphincter.
D. internal urinary sphincter.
E. involuntary portion of bladder control.
external urinary sphincter
39
Urine formation involves filtration of the plasma.
B. reabsorption from the filtrate.
C. secretion into the filtrate.
D. production of red blood cells.
E. filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.
filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.
40
Formation of filtrate depends on a
A. pressure gradient.
B. concentration gradient.
C. volume gradient.
D. temperature gradient.
E. osmotic gradient.
pressure gradient.
41
The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the
A. renal fraction.
B. filtration fraction.
C. clearance fraction.
D. glomerular flow rate.
E. cardiac fraction.
renal fraction.
42
The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the
A. renal fraction.
B. filtration fraction.
C. glomerular filtration rate.
D. clearance fraction.
E. renal rate.
glomerular filtration rate.
43
At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours.
A. 45 liters
B. 90 liters
C. 125 liters
D. 180 liters
E. 200 liters
180 liters
44
What percent of filtrate becomes urine?
A. less than 1%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 80%
E. 90%
less than 1%
45
Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate.
A. urea
B. water
C. protein
D. sodium ions
E. glucose
protein
46
Passage of proteins into Bowman's capsule is prevented by
A. the size of the capillary pores.
B. the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes.
C. the size of the proteins.
D. filtration pressure.
E. the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.
the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.
47
In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?
A. increase in filtration volume
B. anuria - no urine production
C. necrosis of the renal corpuscle
D. low protein levels in the filtrate
E. no change in the filtrate
increase in filtration volume
48
Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
A. increasing net filtration pressure.
B. increasing capsular pressure.
C. increasing glomerular capillary pressure.
D. increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
E. None of these choices is correct.
increasing net filtration pressure.
49
The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by
A. filtration pressure.
B. capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C. glomerular capillary pressure.
D. osmotic pressure of the medulla of the kidney.
E. blood pressure.
capsular hydrostatic pressure.
50
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure
glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
A. 110 mmHg
B. 90 mmHg
C. 50 mmHg
D. 30 mmHg
E. 20 mmHg
50 mmHg
51
Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule?
A. tubular pressure
B. capsular pressure
C. colloid osmotic pressure
D. glomerular capillary pressure
E. None of these choices is correct.
glomerular capillary pressure
52
Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
A. increase in capsular pressure
B. constriction of the efferent arteriole
C. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D. decrease in renal blood flow
E. dilation of the efferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
52
Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
A. increase in capsular pressure
B. constriction of the efferent arteriole
C. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D. decrease in renal blood flow
E. dilation of the efferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
53
In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?
A. constriction of the glomerulus
B. dilation of the afferent arteriole
C. dilation of the efferent arteriole
D. constriction of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the afferent arteriole
54
What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR?
A. GFR increases
B. GFR decreases
C. GFR is not affected
D. GFR increases, then decreases
GFR decreases
55
When sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,
A. no energy is needed.
B. glucose and amino acids are countertransported at the same time.
C. Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
D. water is countertransported by carrier molecules.
E. water is secreted.
Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
56
Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include
A. urea with water.
B. potassium with amino acids.
C. amino acids with bicarbonate ions.
D. glucose molecules with sodium ions.
E. chloride with potassium.
glucose molecules with sodium ions.
57
Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the
A. proximal convoluted tubule.
B. descending loop of Henle.
C. ascending loop of Henle.
D. distal convolute tubule.
E. collecting duct.
proximal convoluted tubule.
58
The proximal convoluted tubule is
A. lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli.
B. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
C. permeable to water if ADH is present.
D. impermeable to water.
E. the site of water secretion.
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
59
Arrange the following in correct order.
(1) cotransport molecule binds to sodium and glucose
(2) establish sodium concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
(3) sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
(4) active transport of sodium from tubular cells to interstitial area
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B. 4, 2, 1, 3
C. 1, 3, 4, 2
D. 2, 4, 1, 3
E. 1, 2, 3, 4
4, 2, 1, 3
60
Glucose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the
A. tip of the loop of Henle.
B. end of the collecting duct.
C. end of the distal convoluted tubule.
D. end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule.
end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
61
Water reabsorption by the renal tubules uses
A. active transport.
B. cotransport.
C. solvent drag.
D. osmosis.
E. None of these choices is correct.
osmosis
62
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,
A. water can easily enter or leave.
B. potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane.
C. calcium ions are actively transported across the basal membrane.
D. potassium is concentrated in the filtrate.
E. the filtrate does not change.
potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane.
63
Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, potassium and chloride cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of
A. facilitated diffusion.
B. cotransport.
C. counter transport.
D. active transport.
E. simple diffusion.
facilitated diffusion.
64
Which of the following ions are cotransported across the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
A. sodium and bicarbonate
B. potassium and phosphate
C. sodium and chloride
D. bicarbonate and potassium
E. potassium and chloride
sodium and chloride
65
The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules
A. reabsorb glucose.
B. collect filtrate from Bowman's capsule.
C. actively transport sodium ions but not chloride ions.
D. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present.
E. do not alter their permeability to water.
vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present
66
The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when
A. colloid osmotic pressure increases.
B. ADH production increases.
C. plasma osmolality decreases.
D. aldosterone production decreases.
E. ADH production decreases.
ADH production increases.
67
As ADH production declines,
A. glomerular filtration increases.
B. potassium reabsorption increases.
C. reabsorption of water increases.
D. the urine volume increases.
E. the blood volume increases.
the urine volume increases
68
When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells,
A. filtrate volume increases.
B. filtrate osmolality decreases.
C. potassium is secreted from the cells.
D. the distal convoluted tubule is less permeable to water.
E. the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water.
the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water
69
Urea is
A. secreted into the filtrate by cells of the distal convoluted tubule.
B. diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle.
C. completely reabsorbed by the nephron.
D. actively transported into the filtrate by cells of the collecting duct.
E. None of these choices is correct.
diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle.
70
Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by both the
A. proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
B. collecting duct and Bowman's capsule.
C. loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.
D. proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle.
E. loop of Henle only.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
71
Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by both the
A. proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
B. collecting duct and Bowman's capsule.
C. loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.
D. proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle.
E. loop of Henle only.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
72
Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?
A. potassium ions.
B. chloride ions.
C. bicarbonate.
D. amino acids.
E. sodium.
potassium ions.
73
Potassium ions enter the lumen of the _____ by the process of active transport.
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. renal corpuscle
C. loop of Henle
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
74
In the sodium-hydrogen antiport system,
A. both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular lumen.
B. both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular cell.
C. sodium ions are transported into the cell; hydrogen ions are transported out of the cell.
D. sodium ions are transported into the tubular lumen; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell.
E. sodium ions are transported out of the cell; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell.
sodium ions are transported into the cell; hydrogen ions are transported out of the cell.
75
Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures?
A. glomerulus
B. urethra
C. renal pelvis
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
76
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
A. tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport.
B. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
C. tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume.
D. tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman's capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary.
E. tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate.
tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
77
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine.
B. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C. Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
D. Sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. Hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis.
Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
78
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine.
B. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C. Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
D. Sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. Hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis.
Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
79
The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on
A. proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption.
B. a high medullary concentration gradient.
C. osmosis.
D. rapid removal of filtrate.
E. a low medullary concentration gradient.
a high medullary concentration gradient.
80
The vasa recta
A. supplies blood to the glomerulus.
B. alters the cortical solute gradient.
C. collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid.
D. collects water and solutes reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. surrounds the collecting duct.
collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid.
81
The countercurrent multiplier system
A. is found in the collecting duct.
B. is assisted by hormones.
C. has fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions.
D. maintains the solute concentration of the medullary interstitial fluid.
E. has fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions and maintains the solute concentration of the medullary interstitial fluid.
has fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions and maintains the solute concentration of the medullary interstitial fluid.
82
A countercurrent mechanism is in
A. the afferent and efferent arterioles.
B. the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
C. the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
D. the loop of Henle only.
E. both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta.
both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta.
83
In which of the following locations is filtrate osmolality highest?
A. end of proximal convoluted tubule
B. tip of the loop of Henle
C. end of distal convoluted tubule
D. beginning of distal convoluted tubule
E. descending loop of Henle
tip of the loop of Henle
84
Which of the following helps maintain a high solute concentration in the kidney medulla?
A. high urea concentration in medulla
B. active transport of solutes from ascending limb
C. the vasa recta
D. functions of the loop of Henle
E. All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
85
Which of the following would help maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
A. movement of urea from the distal convoluted tubule to the proximal convoluted tubule
B. urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid
C. movement of water from the ascending limb into the medullary interstitial fluid
D. active transport of sodium and chloride from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct
E. urea movement into the collecting duct
Urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid
86
Starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to
maintain the medullary concentration gradient.
(1) ascending limb
(2) distal convoluted tubule
(3) interstitial fluid
(4) collecting duct
(5) descending limb
A. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3
B. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
C. 3, 5, 1, 2, 4
D. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
E. 4, 3, 5, 1, 2
4, 3, 5, 1, 2
87
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Only sodium diffuses from the descending limb.
B. Solutes are actively transported from the ascending limb.
C. Na+ and Cl- ions are actively transported into the vasa recta.
D. The osmolality of the descending limb decreases as filtrate moves through.
E. Water moves by osmosis out of the ascending loop.
Solutes are actively transported from the ascending limb.
88
Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid?
A. distal convoluted tubule
B. collecting duct
C. loop of Henle
D. vasa recta
E. proximal convoluted tubule
vasa recta
89
Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid?
A. distal convoluted tubule
B. collecting duct
C. loop of Henle
D. vasa recta
E. proximal convoluted tubule
vasa recta
90
The kidney dialysis machine is an example of a mechanical
A. active transport system.
B. countercurrent system.
C. cotransport system.
D. sorting system.
E. toy.
countercurrent system.
91
By the time filtrate reaches the tip of the loop of Henle, _____ of the filtrate volume has been reabsorbed.
A. 65%
B. 75%
C. 80%
D. 95%
E. 100%
80%
92
The filtrate that drips from the renal papillae into the calyces
A. has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate.
B. may have lost up to 99% of its original volume.
C. is called urine.
D. has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate, may have lost up to 99% of its original waste, and is called urine.
E. None of these choices is correct.
has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate, may have lost up to 99% of its original waste, and is called urine.
93
Filtrate reabsorption, which occurs regardless of the concentration and volume of urine produced, is referred to as
A. active.
B. obligatory.
C. facultative.
D. countercurrent.
E. nonessential.
obligatory
94
Urine concentration and volume depend on water reabsorption in the
A. proximal convoluted tubule.
B. descending loop of Henle.
C. ascending loop of Henle.
D. distal convoluted tubule only.
E. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
95
Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the
A. proximal convoluted tubule.
B. loop of Henle.
C. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
D. calyces.
E. urethra.
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
96
Which of the following situations increases the number of action potentials to the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus?
A. increased blood velocity
B. decreased renin production
C. increased plasma osmolality
D. decreased aldosterone secretion
E. decreased plasma osmolality
increased plasma osmolality
97
Decreased ADH levels results in a urine high in
A. potassium.
B. water content.
C. glucose content.
D. bicarbonate content.
E. hydrogen ions.
water content.
98
Diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased
A. ADH production.
B. insulin production.
C. aldosterone production.
D. angiotensin II production.
E. glucagon production.
ADH production.
99
Removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause
A. a decrease in urine volume.
B. an increase in urine volume.
C. no change in urine volume.
an increase in urine volume.
100
A 15% increase in blood pressure would result in which of the following changes in ADH secretion?
A. increased secretion
B. decreased secretion
C. no change in secretion
decreased secretion
101
A 15% increase in blood pressure would result in which of the following changes in ADH secretion?
A. increased secretion
B. decreased secretion
C. no change in secretion
decreased secretion
102
The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes
A. renin.
B. ADH.
C. oxytocin.
D. aldosterone.
E. angiotensin.
renin
103
Renin converts
A. angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
B. angiotensin II to angiotensin I.
C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
D. angiotensin II to angiotensin III.
E. angiotensinogen to angiotensin II.
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
104
The kidneys produce renin when
A. the urine becomes acidic.
B. the peritubular capillaries dilate.
C. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases.
D. sodium chloride concentration in the distal convoluted tubule increases.
E. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole increases.
the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases.
105
Angiotensin II
A. is a potent vasodilator.
B. stimulates aldosterone secretion.
C. is formed from angiotensin I by the action of renin.
D. acts on the collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of water.
E. decreases blood pressure.
stimulates aldosterone secretion
106
Which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II?
A. vasoconstriction of arterioles
B. increases thirst
C. increases ADH secretion
D. decreases peripheral resistance
E. increases aldosterone secretion
decreases peripheral resistance
107
Increased aldosterone causes increased
A. urine volume.
B. sodium secretion.
C. potassium secretion.
D. reabsorption of hydrogen ions.
E. filtrate formation.
potassium secretion.
108
Aldosterone targets cells in the
A. proximal convoluted tubule.
B. loop of Henle.
C. distal convoluted tubule.
D. glomerulus.
E. collecting duct.
distal convoluted tubule
109
Aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by
A. increasing tubular renin production.
B. increasing tubular permeability.
C. increasing osmosis into the tubule cells.
D. increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium.
E. decreasing tubular permeability.
increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium.
110
Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be
A. increased urine output.
B. decreased aldosterone production.
C. decreased osmolality of the filtrate.
D. increased osmolality of the urine.
E. decreased urine volume.
increased urine output.
111
Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be
A. increased urine output.
B. decreased aldosterone production.
C. decreased osmolality of the filtrate.
D. increased osmolality of the urine.
E. decreased urine volume.
increased urine output.
112
Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by
A. decreasing the blood pressure.
B. causing retention of sodium ions.
C. inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
D. stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenals.
E. stimulating the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
113
ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by
A. incorporating aquaporin-3 channels into the apical membrane.
B. increasing the number of sodium transpot proteins in the membranes.
C. incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.
D. decreasing the number of aquaporin-4 channels in the apical membrane.
incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.
114
Atrial natriuretic hormone
A. promotes the secretion of ADH.
B. is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
C. causes the formation of concentrated urine.
D. is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases.
E. is secreted when atrial blood pressure decreases.
is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases.
115
Autoregulation in the kidney involves changes in the degree of
A. constriction of afferent arterioles.
B. sympathetic stimulation.
C. aldosterone secretion.
D. ADH secretion.
E. None of these choices is correct.
constriction of afferent arterioles.
116
Intense sympathetic stimulation of the kidney
A. is necessary for normal kidney metabolism.
B. causes the release of epinephrine from the kidney.
C. decreases renal flow.
D. increases filtration rate.
E. does not alter filtration rate.
decreases renal flow.
117
If extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of
A. urea.
B. water.
C. sodium.
D. potassium.
E. chloride.
water
118
Blood loss that occurs during surgery will stimulate cells in the
A. efferent arteriole.
B. wall of the right atrium.
C. proprioceptors.
D. juxtaglomerular apparatus.
E. None of these choices is correct.
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
119
Put the following in the correct order after the blood pressure increases.
(1) decreased sympathetic stimulation
(2) increase in glomerulus filtration rate
(3) increase in arterial blood pressure
(4) increase in urine production
(5) afferent arterioles dilate
A. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
B. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
C. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
D. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
E. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
3, 1, 5, 2, 4
120
When macula densa cells experience increased Na+ concentration in the filtrate, they respond by
A. increasing afferent arteriole constriction.
B. decreasing urine production.
C. decreasing renin secretion.
D. increasing aldosterone secretion.
E. increasing renin secretion
decreasing renin secretion
120
When macula densa cells experience increased Na+ concentration in the filtrate, they respond by
A. increasing afferent arteriole constriction.
B. decreasing urine production.
C. decreasing renin secretion.
D. increasing aldosterone secretion.
E. increasing renin secretion
decreasing renin secretion
121
Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in
A. increased renin secretion.
B. decreased ADH secretion.
C. suppression of thirst.
D. stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
E. decreased renin secretion.
increased renin secretion.
122
Stretch receptors in the atria are responsible for the secretion of
A. ADH.
B. renin.
C. aldosterone.
D. atrial natriuretic hormone.
E. angiotensin.
atrial natriuretic hormone.
123
Increased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone results in
A. increased thirst.
B. increased urine output.
C. increased blood pressure.
D. increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid.
E. decreased urine output.
increased urine output.
124
A substance that is useful for determining the plasma clearance rate of the kidney is
A. ADH.
B. glucose.
C. inulin.
D. protein.
E. ammonia.
inulin
125
To calculate plasma clearance of any substance, it is necessary to know the
A. quantity of urine produced per minute.
B. concentration of the cleared substance in the urine.
C. concentration of the cleared substance in the blood.
D. blood volume.
E. quantity of urine produced per minute, the concentration of the cleared substance in the urine, and the concentration of the cleared substance in the blood.
quantity of urine produced per minute, the concentration of the cleared substance in the urine, and the concentration of the cleared substance in the blood.
126
A substance used to calculate plasma clearance must
A. pass freely through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle.
B. be readily reabsorbed.
C. be either a protein or a polysaccharide.
D. be secreted into the nephron.
E. be produced in the kidney.
pass freely through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle.
127
Decreased plasma clearance can indicate
A. hypertension.
B. renal failure.
C. decreased ADH secretion.
D. decreased aldosterone secretion.
E. fluid balance.
renal failure
128
Drug companies use which of the following to help them calculate the duration of action of a medication?
A. plasma clearance
B. plasma osmolarity
C. tubular maximum
D. renal plasma flow
E. glomerular filtration rate
plasma clearance
129
Renal blood flow per minute can be calculated if you know the clearance calculation for ____ as well as the person's hematocrit.
A. ADH
B. PAH
C. insulin
D. aldosterone
E. glucose
PAH
130
Tubular load refers to the amount of a given substance that
A. is present in the blood as it enters the afferent arteriole of the nephron.
B. passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute.
C. can be actively reabsorbed from the filtrate.
D. can be secreted into the filtrate.
E. None of these choices is correct.
passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute.
131
When the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded,
A. more of the substance is reabsorbed.
B. more of the substance is actively secreted.
C. less of the substance is filtered in the renal corpuscle.
D. the excess goes into the blood.
E. the excess remains in the urine.
the excess remains in the urine.
132
If the tubular maximum for a particular amino acid is 200 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 100 mg/100 ml, the amino acid
A. will be actively secreted into the filtrate.
B. will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells.
C. will appear in the urine.
D. will not appear in the urine.
E. None of these choices is correct.
will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells.
133
Diuretics that inhibit sodium ion reabsorption are called
A. xanthines.
B. osmotic diuretics.
C. thiazide diuretics.
D. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
E. ADH inhibitors.
thiazide diuretics.
134
Urea and mannitol are examples of which of the following types of diuretics?
A. osmotic diuretics
B. thiazide diuretics
C. potassium-sparing diuretics
D. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
E. ADH inhibitors
osmotic diuretics
135
Diuretics that work by reducing H+ secretion and the reabsorption of HCO3- ions are classified as
A. xanthines.
B. osmotic diuretics.
C. thiazide diuretics.
D. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
E. potassium-sparing diuretics.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
136
Diuretics that work by reducing H+ secretion and the reabsorption of HCO3- ions are classified as
A. xanthines.
B. osmotic diuretics.
C. thiazide diuretics.
D. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
E. potassium-sparing diuretics.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
137
Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of
A. gravity.
B. a pressure gradient.
C. a concentration gradient.
D. peristaltic contractions.
E. osmotic gradient.
peristaltic contractions.
138
Where do the ureters enter the urinary bladder?
A. the anterosuperior surface
B. the anteroinferior surface
C. the posteromedial surface
D. the posterolateral surface
the posterolateral surface
139
What part of the urinary bladder expands very little during bladder filling?
A. the fundus
B. the trigone
C. the neck
D. transitional epithelium
the trigone
140
What muscle is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition?
A. trigone
B. internal urinary sphincter
C. micturition mucle
D. detrusor muscle
detrusor muscle
141
What type of tissue is responsible for the expansion of the urinary bladder during filling?
A. transitional epithelium
B. stratified squamous epithelium
C. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
D. stratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
142
Why is the external urinary sphincter under conscious control?
A. It is made of smooth muscle.
B. It is part of the detrusor muscle.
C. It is made of skeletal muscle.
D. It is made of adventitia.
It is made of skeletal muscle.
143
How much urine would be in the urinary bladder to increase the pressure to an uncomfortable point?
A. 100 mL
B. 300 mL
C. 400 mL
D. 500 mL
500 mL
144
Voluntary micturition
A. involves higher brain centers.
B. involves control of the internal sphincter.
C. is a reflex action.
D. is common in infants.
E. involves control of smooth muscle.
involves higher brain centers.
145
Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is false?
A. The micturition reflex is initiated by stretching the bladder wall.
B. Afferent signals are conducted to the sacral segments of the spinal cord by the pelvic nerves.
C. Efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve.
D. The micturition reflex usually produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.
E. The micturition reflex is modified by centers in the pons and cerebrum.
Efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve.
146
Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is false?
A. The micturition reflex is initiated by stretching the bladder wall.
B. Afferent signals are conducted to the sacral segments of the spinal cord by the pelvic nerves.
C. Efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve.
D. The micturition reflex usually produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.
E. The micturition reflex is modified by centers in the pons and cerebrum.
Efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve.
147
With aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in
A. increased bladder capacity.
B. voluntary micturition.
C. continuous dribbling of urine.
D. uncontrollable micturition.
E. lack of control of internal sphincter.
uncontrollable micturition.
148
In glomerular nephritis, proteins and white blood cells enter the filtrate resulting in
A. increased reabsorption of water.
B. increased reabsorption of sodium.
C. increased secretion of sodium.
D. increased urine output.
E. decreased urine output.
increased urine output.
149
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the renal medulla?
A. pyelonephritis
B. acute glomerular nephritis
C. chronic glomerular nephritis
D. acute renal failure
E. chronic renal failure
pyelonephritis
150
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys?
A. decrease in kidney size
B. loss of nephrons
C. decreased response to hormonal control of urine volume
D. a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis
a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis
