Urinary System Flashcards
- What is/are the main excretory organ/s of the body?
A. skin
B. lungs
C. intestines
D. kidneys
kidneys
The kidney functions in
A. preventing blood loss.
B. white blood cell production.
C. synthesis of vitamin E.
D. excretion of metabolic wastes.
E. production of the hormone aldosterone.
excretion of metabolic wastes.
Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?
A. urine storage
B. excretion of waste
C. maintenance of fluid balance
D. regulate synthesis of vitamin D
E. regulate synthesis of RBCs
urine storage
Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the
A. urethra.
B. ureter.
C. calyces.
D. renal columns.
E. renal tubules.
ureter
Arrange the following structures in correct sequence:
(1) ureter
(2) renal pelvis
(3) calyx
(4) urinary bladder
(5) urethra
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
C. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
D. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the
A. hilum.
B. renal fascia.
C. renal fat pad.
D. renal capsule.
E. renal cortex.
renal fat pad
Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the
A. hilum.
B. renal fascia.
C. renal pelvis.
D. renal capsule.
E. renal pyramid.
hilum
The ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the
A. hilum.
B. renal pelvis.
C. renal capsule.
D. renal pyramid.
E. renal corpuscle.
renal pelvis
The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is
A. cortex.
B. medulla.
C. pelvis.
D. calyx.
E. columns.
medulla
Cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the
A. calyx tissue.
B. renal papillae.
C. renal columns.
D. medullary rays.
E. renal corpuscles.
renal columns
The tip of each renal pyramid is called
A. a nephron.
B. a renal papilla.
C. a renal column.
D. a medullary ray.
E. the apex.
a renal papilla
The renal papillae extend into the
A. cortex.
B. renal columns.
C. minor calyces.
D. major calyces.
minor calyces
The structural and functional units of the kidney are called
A. nephrons.
B. renal papillae.
C. renal pyramids.
D. renal columns.
E. renal tubes.
nephrons
The juxtamedullary nephrons
A. have long loops of Henle.
B. are found next to the renal capsule.
C. comprise 85% of all nephrons.
D. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla.
E. have short loops of Henle.
have long loops of Henle
Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
A.loop of Henle
B.collecting duct
C.renal corpuscle
D.proximal convoluted tubule
E.distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
The network of capillaries that is located in Bowman’s capsule is called the
A. vasa recta.
B. glomerulus.
C. peritubular capillary.
D. proximal convoluted capillary.
E. efferent arteriole.
glomerulus
The renal corpuscle consists of
A. the renal pelvis and the renal tubules.
B. the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
C. Bowman’s capsule and the renal pelvis.
D. the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus.
E. afferent and efferent arteriole.
the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Which of the following structures is a capillary?
A. glomerulus
B. loop of Henle
C. collecting duct
D. Bowman’s capsule
E. proximal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
A. is part of the filtration membrane.
B. is called endothelium.
C. contains podocytes.
D. is part of the filtration membrane and is called endothelium.
E. is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes.
is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes.
Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?
A. podocytes
B. macula densa
C. glomerular endothelium
D. the basement membrane
E. parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
glomerular endothelium
The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule consists of specialized cells called
A. nephrons.
B. podocytes.
C. nephrocytes.
D. juxtamedullary cells.
E. macula densa.
podocytes
The openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called
A. fenestrae.
B. gap junctions.
C. filtration slits.
D. macula densa.
E. membrane channels.
fenestrae
Filtration slits is the name given to the
A. points where the afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle.
B. openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries.
C. gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
D. basement membrane of the glomerular endothelium.
E. active transport channels.
gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule.
An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the
A. glomerulus.
B. renal artery.
C. macula densa.
D. efferent arteriole.
E. arcuate artery.
glomerulus
The filtration membrane consists of the
A. capillary epithelium, podocytes, and macula densa.
B. podocytes, basement membrane, and macula densa.
C. basement membrane, capillary epithelium, and macula densa.
D. parietal layer and visceral layer.
E. podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane.
podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of
A. juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
B. podocytes and juxtaglomerular cells.
C. the macula densa and the filtration membrane.
D. juxtaglomerular cells and the filtration membrane.
E. glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
A. juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
A.glomerulus.
B.ascending loop of Henle.
C.distal convoluted tubule.
D.proximal convoluted tubule.
E.descending loop of Henle.
distal convoluted tubule
The renal corpuscle connects to the
A.loop of Henle.
B.collecting duct.
C.distal convoluted tubule.
D.renal convoluted tubule.
E.proximal convoluted tubule.
proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is between the proximal and distal convolutedtubules?
A.the glomerulus
B.the loop of Henle
C.the distal convoluted tubule
D.the proximal convoluted tubule
E.collecting duct
the loop of Henle
Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the
A.loop of Henle.
B.collecting duct.
C.distal convoluted tubule.
D.proximal convoluted tubule.
E.Bowman’s capsule.
collecting duct
Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.
(1) loop of Henle
(2) Bowman’s capsule
(3) distal convoluted tubule
(4) proximal convoluted tubule
A.1, 2, 3, 4
B.4, 2, 1, 3
C.2, 4, 3, 1
D.2, 4, 1, 3
E.3, 4, 1, 2
2, 4, 1, 3
What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?
A.simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
B.stratified squamous epithelium
C.pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D.simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia
simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that
A. there is a double set of venules.
B. blood flows from arterioles into venules.
C. blood flows from venules into arterioles.
D. each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
E. the nephron is only associated with the glomerulus.
each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the
A. glomerulus.
B. afferent arteriole.
C. efferent arteriole.
D. peritubular capillary.
E. interlobular artery.
peritubular capillary.
Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?
A. glomerulus
B. arcuate artery
C. efferent arteriole
D. interlobular artery
E. afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus:
(1) interlobar artery
(2) interlobular artery
(3) segmental artery
(4) arcuate artery
(5) afferent arteriole
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
E. 1, 4, 3, 2
3, 1, 2, 4, 5
The urinary bladder
A. stores urine until it is voided.
B. empties to the exterior via the ureters.
C. contains a muscle called the trigone.
D. is superior to the kidney.
E. filters urine.
stores urine until it is voided
Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the
A. trigone.
B. lamina propria.
C. external urinary sphincter.
D. internal urinary sphincter.
E. involuntary portion of bladder control.
external urinary sphincter
Urine formation involves filtration of the plasma.
B. reabsorption from the filtrate.
C. secretion into the filtrate.
D. production of red blood cells.
E. filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.
filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.
Formation of filtrate depends on a
A. pressure gradient.
B. concentration gradient.
C. volume gradient.
D. temperature gradient.
E. osmotic gradient.
pressure gradient.
The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the
A. renal fraction.
B. filtration fraction.
C. clearance fraction.
D. glomerular flow rate.
E. cardiac fraction.
renal fraction.
The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the
A. renal fraction.
B. filtration fraction.
C. glomerular filtration rate.
D. clearance fraction.
E. renal rate.
glomerular filtration rate.
At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours.
A. 45 liters
B. 90 liters
C. 125 liters
D. 180 liters
E. 200 liters
180 liters
What percent of filtrate becomes urine?
A. less than 1%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 80%
E. 90%
less than 1%
Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate.
A. urea
B. water
C. protein
D. sodium ions
E. glucose
protein
Passage of proteins into Bowman’s capsule is prevented by
A. the size of the capillary pores.
B. the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes.
C. the size of the proteins.
D. filtration pressure.
E. the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.
the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.
In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?
A. increase in filtration volume
B. anuria - no urine production
C. necrosis of the renal corpuscle
D. low protein levels in the filtrate
E. no change in the filtrate
increase in filtration volume
Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
A. increasing net filtration pressure.
B. increasing capsular pressure.
C. increasing glomerular capillary pressure.
D. increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
E. None of these choices is correct.
increasing net filtration pressure.
The movement of fluid into Bowman’s capsule is opposed by
A. filtration pressure.
B. capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C. glomerular capillary pressure.
D. osmotic pressure of the medulla of the kidney.
E. blood pressure.
capsular hydrostatic pressure.
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure
glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
A. 110 mmHg
B. 90 mmHg
C. 50 mmHg
D. 30 mmHg
E. 20 mmHg
50 mmHg
Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule?
A. tubular pressure
B. capsular pressure
C. colloid osmotic pressure
D. glomerular capillary pressure
E. None of these choices is correct.
glomerular capillary pressure
Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
A. increase in capsular pressure
B. constriction of the efferent arteriole
C. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D. decrease in renal blood flow
E. dilation of the efferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?
A. increase in capsular pressure
B. constriction of the efferent arteriole
C. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D. decrease in renal blood flow
E. dilation of the efferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?
A. constriction of the glomerulus
B. dilation of the afferent arteriole
C. dilation of the efferent arteriole
D. constriction of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the afferent arteriole
What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR?
A. GFR increases
B. GFR decreases
C. GFR is not affected
D. GFR increases, then decreases
GFR decreases
When sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,
A. no energy is needed.
B. glucose and amino acids are countertransported at the same time.
C. Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
D. water is countertransported by carrier molecules.
E. water is secreted.
Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include
A. urea with water.
B. potassium with amino acids.
C. amino acids with bicarbonate ions.
D. glucose molecules with sodium ions.
E. chloride with potassium.
glucose molecules with sodium ions.
Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the
A. proximal convoluted tubule.
B. descending loop of Henle.
C. ascending loop of Henle.
D. distal convolute tubule.
E. collecting duct.
proximal convoluted tubule.
The proximal convoluted tubule is
A. lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli.
B. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
C. permeable to water if ADH is present.
D. impermeable to water.
E. the site of water secretion.
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
Arrange the following in correct order.
(1) cotransport molecule binds to sodium and glucose
(2) establish sodium concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
(3) sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
(4) active transport of sodium from tubular cells to interstitial area
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B. 4, 2, 1, 3
C. 1, 3, 4, 2
D. 2, 4, 1, 3
E. 1, 2, 3, 4
4, 2, 1, 3