URINARY system Flashcards
why does the kidney receive abundant blood supply
regulates volume + ionic composition of blood - and removes waste- 25% of blood from renal ateries
renal blood flow is? and what is the measurement per min. for adult
1200ml
renal lobe consist of ?
renal cortex, r. pyramid and column and either side
Blood flow…
renal blood flow is x
Blood is received into the kidneys by x artery- branches from abdominal aorta
this artery divides into x once it enters the kidney [segments why?]
Blood enters through the x x this is between=–x
renal lobes consist of?
when the interlobar arteries are between x and y they are known as?
these arteries are divided into a series [feed into]/ branches of the x
theses arteries branches divide into?
these arteries supply blood x
glomerulus capillaries reunite + form?
efferent arteriole carries blood where?
these efferent arterioles divide into? some have x x which supplies blood to tubular portions
these peritubular capillaries reunite to form?
blood drains through? x + y
blood leaves kidney through?
blood flow through the kidneys
renal arteries
segmental arteries [go to different segments of the kidneys
interlobar arteries - between renal lobes
r. pyramid, r. column at either side r. cortex @base
renal medulla and cortex known as arcuate arteries - when arched around pyramids
segments because @ pyramids arch
interlobular arteries/cortical radiate arteries
branches called- afferent arterioles
nephron
glomerulus - filtration
efferent arterioles
out of glomerulus
divide peritubular capillaries
some have capillaries called vasa recta
cortical/interlobular veins
arcuate and interlobar veins
single renal vein and into vena cava
The nephron is the unit of the kidney responsible x, y or x
ultrafiltration of blood- excretion or reabsorption of products in filtrate
the filtering unit of the nephron is called?
glomerulus
what occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule x5 e.g.
controlled reabsorption of glucose, sodium + water ions & other solutes
The loop of Henle is responsible for? and how does it do this
concentration and dilution of urine - counter-current multiplying mechanism - water impermeable but is a sodium pump so pumps sodium in or out and thus effects osmolarity - and dilution of urine [further reabsorption of water-descending limb and reabsorption of sodium and chloride- ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule is responsible for? how much water is absorbed? works with?
reabsorbs water back into body - 99% of water is absorbed - collecting duct, sodium ion + Ca ions are variably reabsorbed- secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins
first main function of kidneys is - F.
where does this occur describe permeability here. what’s in & not in filtrate and how is it formed, what is the driving force how is it controlled - change in pressure =? this pressure is kept constant by? x2.- called autoregulation
GFR- give figure and explain. how much times does your blood get filtered- filtration of a substance depends on? constant pressure + filtration in the capillaries is controlled by? name + function of Juxtaglomerular complex cells- last product of this cycle causes? what kind of feedback is this. what’s normal B.P
Filtration- in semipermeable walls of the glomerulus- impermeable to proteins- Filtrate contains ions [Na K Cl], glucose, small proteins and water. - formed as fluid is squeezed through glomerular capillary bed. hydrostatic pressure- supplied by efferent arteriole and afferent arteriole- controlled by afferent pressure. renal flow and GFR constant. GFR- 125ml/min renal flow filtration - renal plasma is filtered. 20-25 times a day. concentration- more concentrated in the more filtered. [have to get filtered out]. GFR + and renal flow. arrangement of glomerular capillaries in series and peritubular capillaries. Macula densa cells detect chloride concentration and produce renin- enzyme converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, Angiotensin converting enzyme converts Angiotensin I [causes vasoconstriction + increases BP] to A. II. Angiotensin causes aldosterone to be produced which increases blood pressure- negative feedback stimulated by low blood volume + perfusion in kidneys and when B.P, GFR and increases it switches off
120/80mmHg
Second function of kidney’s R. where does this occur, what are located on the cells here and what are their functions- each one can grab? give e.g.- how are they concentrated give e.g. there are different types give e.g. why is water reabsorbed- controls other molecules how? others=. why is higher con=higher reabsorption only true sometimes x2
proximal tubule reabsorbs? &%
Loop of Henle-
Distal tubule-
Collecting duct
Reabsorption-lumen of nephron- transporters- remove small molecules from filtrate that flows by. 1 or 2 molecules e.g. a transporter can grab glucose and Na. concentrated differently at different locations of nephron i.e. Na transporters more heavily concentrated at proximal convoluted tubule. Active [require energy] & passive [don’t require energy]. water is absorbed passively by osmosis due to build-up of reabsorbed Na between cells in nephron walls. Because limited to the fixed amount of transporters and the rate filtrate is passing them.
Na -65% and 2/3 water molecule + most other small molecules
Na- 25%
Na-8%
Na- remaining 2-3% if aldosterone is not produced
3rd function of kidney T. S. explain this occurs from where to were. it is controlled by? gives eg. x2 of what would be secreted.?
Tubular Secretion - transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen- active transport- substances present in excess and natural posions
The primary function of the kidneys is to? how is this accomplished? x3 the maintain this balance? must be equal - loss of any substances occurs by? substances are gained by? what is excreted [metabolic waste] e.g. x4 they excrete many foreign x and y. factors that influence B.P. x3. decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys stimulates the kidneys produce? and are capable of ? the hormones degraded or excreted by the kidneys are? 8 when may this not occur
to regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid to provide stable chemical and physical environment for internal cells- acid-base balance, water electrolyte- loss must be equal to gain regulation through t.secret, t.reabs. & Glomerular filtrat. faces, urine, insensible routes, metabolic consumption -resp. gained- consumption from ingestion + parenteral administration production in metabolic reactions. uric acid-derived from nuclei acid, bilirubin from haemoglobin, Creatine from muscle creatine & urea nitrogen from diet and endogenous protein, foreign chemicals [pharmacologies] and toxins. water and sodium balance, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system & vasoactive prostaglandins [prod. in kidneys]. renal erythropoietic factor- liver produce erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow stem cells to differentiate along RBC lines. Growth hormone, gastrin, glucagon, insulin, cholecystokinin, parathyroid hormone, antidiuretic hormone. renal dysfunction
function of ureters from x-y what x3 contributes to this push. they are x-walled x x. where r they located? what does the physiological valve do? they have 3 layers of tissue in the wall the deepest is x of - the intermediate is x with x-the superficial coat of. posterior to? descend from x along x and cross back to? cross back
transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder- peristaltic contraction of muscular walls, hydrostatic pressure and gravity. Long + Thick-walled muscular tubes. located between renal pelvis and urinary bladder [peristaltic waves= sent between them]. the physiological valve prevents backflow of urine when urinary bladder = filled with urine prevents backflow, deepest= mucosa- its mucous membrane of transitional underlying lamina propria [alveolar C.T], muscularis with thin circular [outside] + longitudinal [inside] layers of smooth muscle fibres. superficial coat= adventitia of areolar CT- posterior to the peritoneum descends from kidneys urinary bladder along anterior surface of psoas major muscle and cross back to pelvis to reach inferoposterior surface of urinary bladder anterior to sacrum-has nerves, lymphatic vessel, blood vessels -they serve mucosa + muscularis.
Urinary bladder is in
? anterior -? +posterior to? folds of x hold it in place, when full of urine? is its shape when its empty. the floor of the bladder is a small triangular area called? 3 layers as ureter around the openings of the? forms? this is inferior to. the most superficial surface is? in males? + covered by and what in females function of? it. finally? is over superficial layer
name 3 anatomical regions of male urethra
peritoneum - anterior to sacrum+ rectum in males and vagina in female + posterior to pubis in both sexes. folds of peritoneum hold it in place. trigone. Variable shapes depending on its content- spherical - dilated. trigone has smooth - [internal urethral orifice]=inferior hollow distensible muscular organ- inner mucosa of transitional epithelium, middle - muscularis smooth muscle [3 layers of muscle fibres- inner transitional, muscularis=middle is smooth muscle is adventitia [layer of areolar CT] temporary storage of urine until its convenient to discharge- serosa and covered by parietal peritoneum in females uterus covers superior aspect s
prostatic urethra, intermediate urethra, spongy urethra
what kind of tubes does the urethra have? where is it located extends firm internal urethral orifice to exterior describe the layers x3. what’s its function- where does the urethra lead from
thin-walled tubes 3 structural layers inner mucosa has transitional stratified columnar and stratified squamous epithelium. 2. there’s a thin layer of circular smooth muscle. 3. outside thin connective tissue- drainage tube that transport urine out of body- leading from internal urethral orifice # in floor of urinary bladder + to exterior of body in both sexes runs through perineal floor of pelvis but in males passes through prostate first -
Histology of nephron [glomerular capsule- which layers does this consist of? the 1st layer has modified squamous ep. cells called? what do they wrap around and look like? form? the 2nd layer has? cells & forms? capsular space is located where? it is continuous with?
visceral and parietal layers. inner layer is made of simple squamous epithelial cells, #podocytes wrap around endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries, finger projections- - inner wall of capsule, 2nd layer -parietal layer, simple squamous epithelium- outer wall of capsule- between these 2 layers is capsular space where fluid passes through. it is continuous with lumen of renal tubule
Histology of renal tubule + collecting duct- in PCT what type of cells + explain border- what role does this border play- descending and 1st part of ascending loop [thin] consist of? cells& thick part? - final part of ascending limb of nephron loop is? what does it make contact with? cells are in this region + name, alongside the wall of x and this are? type of cell [type]. cells x and y contribute to?. DCT begins where and what type of cells are present? collects ducts drain into?. nephron number is? signs of kidney dysfunction become apparent when? what procedure is carried out
simple squamous cells- brush border of microvilli on apical surface- contributes to reabsorption and secretion. 1st-descending limb & thin part ascending limb- simple squamous epeth. - thick part-simple cuboidal cells, [low columnar], thick ascending loop makes contact with afferent arteriole that serves renal corpuscle- cells in this region are columnar and crowded- macula densa cells alongside these are juxtaglomerular cells - both contribute to juxtaglomerular apparatus.
DCT begins short distance past macula densa - principal cells [ have receptors for Antidiuretic hormone + aldosterone - controls function] + intercalated cells [role in blood homeostasis]. Drain into large papillary ducts - constant since birth any increase in kidney size/disease is due to increase in nephron size not new one. dysfunction appears when function declines less than 25%- hypetrophy
Describe 3 basic functions of nephron- describe 1st function
first step urine production- glomerular filtration urine production- water and most solutes in blood plasma move along the walls of glomerular capillaries where they are filtered- then pass into glomerular capsule and into renal tubule.
tubular reabsorption- as filtered fluid passes through collecting duct and renal tubule the tubule cells reabsorb 99% of filtered water and, many useful solutes they pass through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta & are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Tubular secretion as filtered fluid passes through renal tubule and collecting ducts both work to let wate, excess ions, drugs and toxic substances are removed and excreted in the urine
what is urinalysis
analysis of volume, chemical, physical and microscopic appearance of a urine sample
chemically normal urine contains.?
contains about 95% water + 5% solutes- [solutes include creatine, urea, uric acid, urobilinogen + various ions
Internal anatomy of kidneys- what are the first 2 internal regions, what does the inner section consist of? and what does this contain. what extends between these pyramids- what makes up functional unit + what’s the name of this unit- what makes them functional- describe passage of filtrate- explain how kidney expands
renal cortex-outside region- renal medulla - medulla consist of pyramids the bas facing r. cortex and apical region facing r. papilla- renal columns extend- r. pyramids and r. cortex make up functional unit known as parenchyma - its functional because of the nephrons that filter the fluid- filtrate is produced and drained into papillary ducts and drained into major and minor calyces’ renal pelvis - Hilium expands into cavity called renal sinus
External Anatomy how much layers of does tissue does the kidney have [explain] what is at concave border
3 layers 1. renal capsule deep- dense irregular connective tissue acts as barrier to protect from trauma and maintain shape [collagen c=1st] 2. adipose tissue- mass of fatty/adipose tissue surrounds r. capsule- protects from trauma and help keep it in the right position 3. renal fascia - dense irregular C.T anchors kidneys to abdominal wall and surrounding structures- deep into peritoneum- renal hilum out of which emerges ureter along with lymphatic vessels, nerves, blood vessels
what is the function of the micturition reflex
coordinates process of urination
Starting from the glomerular capsule? is correct order of renal tubule
PCT, loop of henle, DCT
most nephron are located where?
cortex
the outer region of external kidney/ sheet that covers kidney is called?
renal fascia
The micturition reflex - what is its function, as the bladder with urine? occurs
coordinates process of urination- as bladder fills with urine
Function of Collecting duct
variable reabsorption of water - reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen & bicarbonate ions
function of papillary duct
delivery of urine to minor calyx
renal corpuscle function
production of filtrate
nephron consist of ? x2
renal tubule and renal corpuscle this is where urine production begins
the nephrons in kidney filter x through x into the x what occurs to the filtrate here
the nephron is closely associated with? x2 and p.c wrap around?
glomerulus & peritubular capillaries -w rap around DCT, PCT
each kidney contains how much nephrons
1 million
each kidney is protected and supported by what type of tissue
adipose tissue
most nephrons are located where
renal cortex
the adult average bladder is moderately filled with how much urine
700-800mL
the enlarged, cup shaped closed end of r. tubule that surrounds glomerulus = what
bowman’s capsule
the external opening of the urinary system =?
external urethral orifice
the greatly expanded part of the ureter in the kidney =?
pelvis
the nephron has 2 parts?
renal corpuscle + renal tubule
the renal pelvis leads to where?
ureter + then to urinary bladder
the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is covered with which epithelial cells + name these cells
simple squamous podocytes
which of the parts are found in renal cortex a-minor calices b-DCT c-collecting ducts or d-renal columns
DCT
what term describes location of tubule a-adrenal b-intraperitoneal b-retroperitoneal c-retro pineal or d-suprarenal
b- retroperitoneal
what is the order of renal tubule region
glomerulus-PCT- loop of Henle- DCT
different types of x proteins are present where what are their function
transport - on apical and basolateral membrane
