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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > Urinary & Respiratory > Flashcards

Urinary & Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What is the Kidney?

A

-makes urine

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3
Q

What are Ureters?

A
  • 2 tubes attached to renal pelvis

- they take the urine towards the bladder

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4
Q

What is the bladder?

A
  • stores urine before it is eliminated

- hollow organ made of muscular tissue

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5
Q

What is the Urethra?

A

-carries urine out of the body

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6
Q

left kidney vs right kidney ?

A

The left kidney is higher bc the intestines are larger on the left side of the body.

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7
Q

What are the four parts of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal Sinus: connects renal artery and vein to the kidney
  2. Renal Pelvis: funnel shaped sac that empties into ureter
  3. Renal Medulla: inner part of kidney where filtration happens
  4. Renal Cortex: she’ll around kidney to make hormones
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8
Q

What is the Urea?

A

Waste product of protein metabolism made by liver & emptied into kidney.

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9
Q

What is Urine?

A

Fluid containing

  • urea
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
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10
Q

What are Nephrons?

A
  • basic unit of kidney

- filtration

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11
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Nephrons?

A
  1. Glomerulus: blood is filtered

2. Glomerular Capsule: surrounds glomerulus to receive fluid

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12
Q

Male Urethra vs Female Urethra

A

Male: part of urinary and reproductive system bc it transports urine and semen
Female: ONLY URINARY! shorter than males (1-2 inches) from bladder to external surface of body

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13
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A
  • tube in the kidney that loops around the medulla

- era sorbs blood and water

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14
Q

What do the collecting ducts do?

A
  • moves the urine from the nephron tubes to the ureters

- end of the tube

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15
Q

How does the blood supply to the kidney work?

A
  • renal artery carries blood to the kidneys
  • Afferent arteries take the blood deeper into kidney
  • they are then filtered
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16
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • removal of salts
  • maintenance of water & fluid concentration
  • regulates ph/volume of fluids
  • control red blood cell production
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17
Q

What is elimination?

A

Urine exiting the body

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18
Q

What is micturition?

A
  • nerve center
  • alerts body that bladder is full
  • urge to pee
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19
Q

What is urination?

A

when the body releases urine from urethra

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20
Q

What is excretion?

A

-body eliminates waste

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21
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

Kidney

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22
Q

What does EPO do? (Erythropoietin)

A

-hormone helping create red blood cells

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23
Q

How much urine is produce in an hour?

A

50-60 mL

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24
Q

When will a person feel the urge to pee?

A

When the bladder is at about 150 mL

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25
Q

When is the urge to pee painful?

A

At about 600 mL

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26
Q

What would make urine cloudy, clear or orange?

A

Cloudy: puss from infection
Orange: blood in urine
Clear: drinking a lot of water

27
Q

What is found in urine?

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • water
  • creatinine
28
Q

What is the term for wetting the bed?

A

Enuresis

29
Q

What is the incontinence?

A

-not being able to bladder

30
Q

What is dysuria?

A

-pain when peeing

31
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

-an increase in urination

32
Q

What is hematuria?

A

-having blood in the urine

33
Q

Why would women get more urinary tract infections?

A

Women’s urethras are not covered like men’s. Being out in the open gives it better chances of getting infected

34
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

-surgery used to break down kidney stones so they can pass

35
Q

What are is Hemodialysis?

A
  • blood drawn from one arm
  • goes through machine to remove impurities
  • returns new blood to other arm
36
Q

What is Peritoneal Dialysis?

A
  • bag of fluid is emptied in to peritoneal cavity
  • peritoneal acts as own filter
  • bag is then lowered and contents drain back in the bag
37
Q

What is a urinalysis?

A

-pee is used and tested to determine disease, drugs, use, etc

38
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?(6)

A
  1. take in oxygen & take out carbon dioxide
  2. trap particles from air
  3. control temp of air
  4. make sounds
  5. play a part in smells
  6. regulate blood ph
39
Q

What are the upper parts of the respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity–hollow part of nose
  • septum–separates nostrils
  • conchae–bones in nose
  • paranasal sinuses–air filled space in bone
  • pharynx–throat
40
Q

What are the lower parts of the respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx–area containing vocal chords
  • trachea–windpipe used to Cary air from pharynx to bronchi
  • bronchial tree–branched air ways to the air sacs in the lungs
41
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A
  • hollow space in nose
  • make the skull lighter
  • makes resonance for sound quality
42
Q

What structures help produce sound?

A
  • larynx

- paranasal sinus

43
Q

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

A

External takes place in the lungs

Internal occurs in the metabolic tissues

44
Q

What causes inspiration?

A

-happens when lung pressure decreases

45
Q

What causes expiration?

A

-the relaxation of respiration muscles

46
Q

Where does the exchange of gas take place?

A

-lungs&alveoli

47
Q

How does the pressure in the chest change due to the movement of the diaphram?

A
  • it pulls down on the base of the lungs, causing a vacuum moving air in to atmospheric pressure
  • it relaxes and causes the tissue to recoil forcing the air out
48
Q

Lungs have elastic recoil, what does this mean and what does it help?

A

-the lungs tissue returns back to normal state this helps push the air back out

49
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

-amount of air that the lungs take in and push out during a breath

50
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

-the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible

51
Q

What is a total lung capacity?

A

-the volume of air in the lungs after a deepest breath possible

52
Q

What structures are found in a nasal cavity?

A
  • lined with mucosa membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus
  • small hair like structures catch things like pollen
53
Q

What chemoreceptors are involved in respiration?

A

-medulla oblongata

54
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A
  • flap of cartilage at root of tongue

- depresses during swallowing to cover opening of windpipe

55
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A
  • infection o fiddle ear
  • caused by blockage of eustachian tube
  • symptoms:pain, hearing loss, vertigo, fever
  • treatment: tubes put in ear
56
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

-tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue
-protects throat from pathogens
Treatment: tonsils are removed

57
Q

What is laryngitis?

A
  • inflammation of the larynx
  • symptoms: hoarseness, inability to talk
  • treatment: medication, refrain from speech
58
Q

What is Bronchitis?

A
  • inflammation of bronchi
  • symptoms: productive cough
  • treatment: medication
59
Q

What is Pulmonary Tuberculosis?

A
  • bacterial infection
  • symptoms: coughing, blood
  • treatment: medical tests such as X-rays & hospitalization
60
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • airways filled with mucus
  • cilia do not function
  • smoking is main cause
61
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • limited gas exchange
  • walls f alveoli are damaged
  • shortness of breath and or cough
62
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • inflammation of the airways
  • leads to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness
  • airways are sensitive to irritation
63
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • fluid build up in the lungs
  • decreases oxygen capacity
  • cough, fever, aches, chills

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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