Urinary & Repro Flashcards
The normal microbiome in the urinary tract includes:
commensal gram + and gram -, mycoplasma, aerobes, anaerobes
I think what he was trying to get at here is that the urinary tract has a plentiful microbiome
UTIs are more common in ____ than ____ (species), more common in ____ than ____ (sex), and more common in _____ than _____ (age).
dogs than cats
females than males
older than younger
UTIs are mostly _____ infections caused by ____ organisms. List some Gram + & gram - bacteria involved
single, commensal
Gram +: E. coli (UPEC), Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
Gram -: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Enterococci
tell me the most common portal of entry for UTIs and the 2 results that can come from it.
ascending infection
1) ascending urethra: cystitis
2) ascending ureter: pyelonephritis
What do you need to accomplish a UTI?
host factors (ex. frequent emptying of bladder, normal microbiota, age, sex, structural/functional/metabolic abnormalities, immunosuppression)
bacterial factors/virulence mechanisms (ex attachment and colonization of mucosa of urethral orifice, transport up urethra, attachment of uroepithelium)
What are the common clinical signs of a UTI?
cystitis: dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, hematuria, pain in causal abdomen/back
Pyelonephritis: kidney/flank pain, fever, sometimes vomit, PU/PD
How do you diagnose a UTI?
culture of urine (cystocentesis preferred)
Corynebacterium:
1. gram?
2. shape?
3. aerobic or anaerobic? facultative or obligate?
- gram +
- rod shaped/bacilli, but also pleiomorphic
- aerobic or facultative anaerobic
Are Corynebacterium host specific?
yes
Tell me the virulence from lowest to highest of Corynebacterium spp in cattle
pilosum
renale
cystitidis
Corynebacterium in cattle:
1. T or F: Corynebacterium is present in the normal microbiota
2. causes what disease in cows? what age?
3. how does pyelonephritis from this genus occur?
4. is this bacteria a problem in cattle?
5. what disposes cows to infection from Corynebacterium?
- true
- UTI, older
- ascending infection through vagina
- sporadic but widespread problem. low herd incidence, but 25-30% of cases are fatal
- dystocia (wounds and lesions)
What are the major risk factors that predispose cows to contracting UTIs from Corynebacterium?
- shortness of female uretha (and other anatomic anomalies)
- stress of parturition and peak-lactation
- high protein diet = increase pH
- physical damage and obstruction of urinary tract
Virulent strains of Corynebacterium have ____ which mediate binding to urethral epithelium and colonize
fimbriae
Corynebacterium is urease +. what does this mean for the cow?
production of ammonia –> mucosal inflammation and increase in pH
Tell me the pathway of Corynebacterium through a cow
vagina –> urethra –> bladder –> ureter –> kidney –> spreads through body chronically and relentlessly
Tell me the clinical signs of Corynebacterium UTI in cows in the following conditions:
1. first clinical sign
2. cystitis
3. only pyelonephritis
4. chronic cases
- blood-stained urine in healthy cow
- frequent urination attempts, hematuria, proteinuria, pain when urinating, colic with restlessness, slight fever, abnormal posture
- emaciation, anorexia, low milk production (vague symptoms)
- colic, diarrhea, PU/PD, anemia
As Corynebacterium disease in cows progresses, what happens to the organs?
bladder & ureters thicken, dilate with purulent exudate
kidney lesions –> blood and exudate drainage in bladder –> terminal hematuria and pyuria
You suspect a cow of having a UTI and do a rectal palpation. You feel the L kidney. What do you expect to feel if the cow has a UTI? Do you expect the R kidney to exhibit these signs?
enlargement, lack of lobulation, pain
typically only 1 kidney affected
How do you diagnose Corynebacterium infections?
urinalysis: presence of blood, protein, and leukocytes & clinical signs
urine culture and isolation
What is the treatment for Corynebacterium infections in cattle?
antibiotics only useful in acute stage of infection and prolonged treatment ‘
later more difficult to reach bacteria in pus
chronic stages –> kidneys are irreversibly damaged
Most cases of repro tract infections are caused by _____ bacteria.
opportunistic
True or false: repro tract infections have a distinct pathogen-clinical manifestation relationship
true
tell me the difference between reproductive infections and venereal infections.
reproductive infections: primary or significant effect on fertility
venereal: primarily transmitted through sexy time
What phase of the estrous cycle is associated with pyometra in dogs? What hormone is involved?
Luteal phase, Progesterone (P4)
1-3 months after completion of estrus