Urinary & Repro Flashcards
The normal microbiome in the urinary tract includes:
commensal gram + and gram -, mycoplasma, aerobes, anaerobes
I think what he was trying to get at here is that the urinary tract has a plentiful microbiome
UTIs are more common in ____ than ____ (species), more common in ____ than ____ (sex), and more common in _____ than _____ (age).
dogs than cats
females than males
older than younger
UTIs are mostly _____ infections caused by ____ organisms. List some Gram + & gram - bacteria involved
single, commensal
Gram +: E. coli (UPEC), Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
Gram -: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Enterococci
tell me the most common portal of entry for UTIs and the 2 results that can come from it.
ascending infection
1) ascending urethra: cystitis
2) ascending ureter: pyelonephritis
What do you need to accomplish a UTI?
host factors (ex. frequent emptying of bladder, normal microbiota, age, sex, structural/functional/metabolic abnormalities, immunosuppression)
bacterial factors/virulence mechanisms (ex attachment and colonization of mucosa of urethral orifice, transport up urethra, attachment of uroepithelium)
What are the common clinical signs of a UTI?
cystitis: dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, hematuria, pain in causal abdomen/back
Pyelonephritis: kidney/flank pain, fever, sometimes vomit, PU/PD
How do you diagnose a UTI?
culture of urine (cystocentesis preferred)
Corynebacterium:
1. gram?
2. shape?
3. aerobic or anaerobic? facultative or obligate?
- gram +
- rod shaped/bacilli, but also pleiomorphic
- aerobic or facultative anaerobic
Are Corynebacterium host specific?
yes
Tell me the virulence from lowest to highest of Corynebacterium spp in cattle
pilosum
renale
cystitidis
Corynebacterium in cattle:
1. T or F: Corynebacterium is present in the normal microbiota
2. causes what disease in cows? what age?
3. how does pyelonephritis from this genus occur?
4. is this bacteria a problem in cattle?
5. what disposes cows to infection from Corynebacterium?
- true
- UTI, older
- ascending infection through vagina
- sporadic but widespread problem. low herd incidence, but 25-30% of cases are fatal
- dystocia (wounds and lesions)
What are the major risk factors that predispose cows to contracting UTIs from Corynebacterium?
- shortness of female uretha (and other anatomic anomalies)
- stress of parturition and peak-lactation
- high protein diet = increase pH
- physical damage and obstruction of urinary tract
Virulent strains of Corynebacterium have ____ which mediate binding to urethral epithelium and colonize
fimbriae
Corynebacterium is urease +. what does this mean for the cow?
production of ammonia –> mucosal inflammation and increase in pH
Tell me the pathway of Corynebacterium through a cow
vagina –> urethra –> bladder –> ureter –> kidney –> spreads through body chronically and relentlessly
Tell me the clinical signs of Corynebacterium UTI in cows in the following conditions:
1. first clinical sign
2. cystitis
3. only pyelonephritis
4. chronic cases
- blood-stained urine in healthy cow
- frequent urination attempts, hematuria, proteinuria, pain when urinating, colic with restlessness, slight fever, abnormal posture
- emaciation, anorexia, low milk production (vague symptoms)
- colic, diarrhea, PU/PD, anemia
As Corynebacterium disease in cows progresses, what happens to the organs?
bladder & ureters thicken, dilate with purulent exudate
kidney lesions –> blood and exudate drainage in bladder –> terminal hematuria and pyuria
You suspect a cow of having a UTI and do a rectal palpation. You feel the L kidney. What do you expect to feel if the cow has a UTI? Do you expect the R kidney to exhibit these signs?
enlargement, lack of lobulation, pain
typically only 1 kidney affected
How do you diagnose Corynebacterium infections?
urinalysis: presence of blood, protein, and leukocytes & clinical signs
urine culture and isolation
What is the treatment for Corynebacterium infections in cattle?
antibiotics only useful in acute stage of infection and prolonged treatment ‘
later more difficult to reach bacteria in pus
chronic stages –> kidneys are irreversibly damaged
Most cases of repro tract infections are caused by _____ bacteria.
opportunistic
True or false: repro tract infections have a distinct pathogen-clinical manifestation relationship
true
tell me the difference between reproductive infections and venereal infections.
reproductive infections: primary or significant effect on fertility
venereal: primarily transmitted through sexy time
What phase of the estrous cycle is associated with pyometra in dogs? What hormone is involved?
Luteal phase, Progesterone (P4)
1-3 months after completion of estrus
What about progesterone primes the canine uterus for bacterial infection?
accumulating uterine secretions, prominent endometrial gland crypts, immunosuppression
What are the clinical signs of pyometra in dogs? what about when there’s a closed cervix?
fever, lethargy, depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, PU/PD, toxaemia
closed cervix = more seriously ill (septicemia, endotoxemia, septic peritonitis)
How do you diagnose pyometra in dogs?
± vaginal discharge, ultrasound, radiographs, blood work
how do you treat pyometra in dogs?
antibiotics and addressing underlying problems (high P4?) [high-relapse rates]
surgery
how do you prevent pyometra in doggies?
spay! OHE :)
pregnancy too I guess lol