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FoundSci Unit 8 > Urinary Histology > Flashcards

Urinary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kidney composed of?

A

Hilum

Renal sinus

Capsule

Cortex

Medulla

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Kidney lobe

Kidney lobule

Uriniferous Tubule = Nephron + Collecting duct

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2
Q

What is the hilum?

A

A depression in the kidney’s concave surface that is the main inlet/outlet for all the tubes

Opens into renal sinus

Where vessels, nerves, and ureter pass into or leave the kidney

Renal pelvis in the expanded, proximal end of the ureter

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3
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Fat filled cavity enclosing the renal artery(ies), veins, and lymph vessels

Encloses the ureter and nerve fibers

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4
Q

What are the inner and outer layers of the capsule of the kidney?

A

Outer layer - collagen and fibroblasts

Inner layer - collagen and myofibroblasts

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5
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer region of the kidney

90-95% of blood flowing through the kidney is in the cortex where it is filtered through the glomeruli

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6
Q

What does the cortex consist of?

A

Consists of alternating regions of cortical labyrinth and medullary rays

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7
Q

What does the cortical labyrinth contain?

A

Renal corpuscles

Convoluted tubules (PCT, DCTS)

Connecting tubules

“Curly” structures

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8
Q

What does the medullary rays contain?

A

Medullary tissue that extends from the base of the pyramid into the cortex and consists of

Straight tubules (proximal and distal)

Collecting ducts

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9
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner region of the kidney

5-10% of blood flowing through the kidney is in the medulla and consists of renal pyramids and renal columns

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10
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Within medulla

8-18 per kidney

Apex (renal papilla) - area cribrosa that consists on about 20 openings of the papillary ducts (of Bellini). Projects and empties into minor calyx

Base at corticomedullary border

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11
Q

What are the renal columns of Bertin?

A

Peninsulas of cortical tissues that are in medulla

Consists of straight tubules and collecting ducts

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12
Q

What is the minor calyx?

A

Receives urine from one renal pyramid

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13
Q

What is the major calyx?

A

Receives urine from multiple minor calices

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14
Q

What is the kidney lobe?

A

Human kidney is multi-lobar ad consists of:

Renal pyramid (number of pyramids = number of lobes)

Associated renal columns

Associated cortical tissue at the base of the pyramid

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15
Q

What is the kidney lobule?

A

Consists of central medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue

Each lobule contains:
a collecting duct and all nephrons that empty into the collecting duct

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16
Q

What is the uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron + Collecting Duct

Consists of epithelium and is covered by basal lamina on its exterior, includes the papillary ducts

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17
Q

What is the nephron and what is it composed of?

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

Composed of:
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Bowman’s Space
Vascular Pole
Urinary Pole
Filtration barrier
Proxima Tubule
Distal Tubule
Connecting Tubules

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18
Q

What brings blood in and out of renal corpuscle and what does fluid diffuse into?

A

Afferent arteriole bring blood to capillary bed (larger lumen)

Efferent arteriole takes blood away (smaller lumen)

Fluid diffuses out of the capillary system into the urinary space

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Cluster of fenestrated capillaries

Surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

Ultrafiltrate oozes out of the glomerulus by passing through the filtration barrier

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20
Q

What is Bowman’s Capsule and what doe sit consist of?

A

Proximal end of the nephron

Visceral layer of capsule - covers capsule and is made of podocytes and pedicels. Filtration slits covered by diaphragm made of nephrin

Parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium, covered by basal lamina

21
Q

What is Bowman’s space?

A

Urinary space

Space between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule

Contains ultrafiltrate

22
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

Site where afferent glomerular arteriole enters the renal corpuscle and site where efferent glomerular arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle

23
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

Contains the initial part of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

24
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

A

Consists of endothelial surface layer of glomerular capillaries

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary

Basal lamina

Subpodocyte space

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

25
Q

What is part of the proximal tubule?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Proximal Straight Tubule

Thin Limbs of the Loop of Henle

26
Q

What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium

Intensely acidophilic

Contains microvilli

27
Q

What is the structure of the proximal straight tubule?

A

Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle

Similar to PCT

28
Q

What are the thin limbs of the loop of Henle?

A

Includes thin descending limb, Henle’s loop, and thin ascending limb (lined with simple squamous epithelium)

29
Q

What is part of distal tubule?

A

Distal Straight Tubule

Macula Densa

Distal Convoluted Tubule

30
Q

What is the structure of the distal straight tubule?

A

=Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

Low cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

More mitochondria than cells of PCT

Similar to DCT

31
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Modified segment of the distal tubule located next to the afferent arteriole, between afferent and efferent arterioles

32
Q

What is the structure of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Much shorter and less tortuous than the PCT

Wide, clear lumen

Smaller cells, more cells

33
Q

What is the cortical collecting duct?

A

Part of uriniferous tubules but not the nephron

DCT empties into a connecting tubule that drains into a cortical collecting duct or a medullary collecting duct

34
Q

What is the Papillary Ducts of Bellini?

A

Continuation of the medullary collecting ducts

Open in the area cribrosa

Lined with tall columnar epithelium

35
Q

What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus consist of and control?

A

Consists of the macula densa, the JG cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells

Controls blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

36
Q

What are the JG cells?

A

Cells of the afferent glomerular arteriole

Modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the afferent glomerular arteriole

Contain renin

37
Q

What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Reside in the interval bordered by the afferent arteriole, maculas densa, efferent arteriole, and the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

Cells play a role in blood pressure regulation

38
Q

What is the renal interstitium?

A

Contains a small amount of connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages

39
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

A

Renal artery

Anterior and posterior division

Segmental arteries

Lobar arteries

Interlobar arteries

Arcuate arteries

Interlobar arteries

Afferent glomerular arteries

40
Q

What occurs to the macula dense if there is a drop in blood pressure and sodium concentration or filtrate volume falls too low?

A
  1. Causes dilation of the afferent glomerular arterioles, increasing blood flow into the glomerulus
  2. Instructs the juxtoglomerular cells to release renin
41
Q

What occurs when blood pressure falls too low and renin is released?

A

Renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 (mild vasoconstrictor)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure

42
Q

How does Angiotensin 2 increase blood pressure?

A

Potent systemic vasoconstrictor

Increases thirst

Synthesis and release of aldosterone (resorbs NaCl)

Release of ADH - resorbs water from the lumen of CT

Inhibits renin release - feedback inhibition

Release of prostaglandins - targeted vasodilation of afferent glomerular arteriole

43
Q

What lines the minor calices, major calices, ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal segment of the urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium

44
Q

What is the uroepithelium facing the lumen coated in?

A

Rigid urothelial plaques with hinge regions between them

Plaques consists of uroplakins, transmembrane proteins that with tight junction make an impermeable barrier on surface of urothelium

45
Q

What is the structure of the major and minor calices and renal pelvis?

A

Minor Calyx- covered by transitional epithelium, lamina propria, and smooth muscle layer

Major Calyx - receives urine from minor calices, same structure as minor

Renal pelvis is similar structure

46
Q

What is the ureter and its layers?

A

Delivers urine to the urinary bladder via peristaltic waves produced by the muscular layers of the ureter

Composed of:

Mucosa - contains folds when ureter empty, transitional epith, basal lamina, lamina propria with dense irregular fibroelastic CT

Muscularis - upper 2/3 has an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal. lower 1/3 has an extra longitudinal layer, middle circular, inner longitudinal

Fibrous CT covering

47
Q

What are the layers of the urinary bladder?

A

Mucosa - has folds when empty, transitional epith, lamina propria with superificial (dense irreg collag CT) and deep layer (loose layer of collager and elastic fiber CT)

Muscularis - 3 layers of smooth muscle, middle layer forms internal sphincter

Adventitia - dense irregular collagenous CT, elastic fibers

Serosa - covers part of bladder

48
Q

What are the layers of the female urethra?

A

Mucosa - transitional epith near bladder. rest is stratified squamous nonkeratinized, lamina propria is fibroelastic with glands of Littre

Muscularis - inner longitudinal layer and outer circular

External urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle where urethra comes through the UG diaphragm

49
Q

What are the layers of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra - in prostate, transitional epith

Membranous urethra - through UG diaphragm, lined by stratified columnar epithelium

Spongy urethra - through corpus spongiosum, most lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous nonkeratinized near glans

Lamina propria - loose fibroelastic tissue, vascular, glands of Littre

Muscularis:
Prostatic + Membranous have two layers of smooth muscle, inner long and outer circ

Muscularis of membranous urethra surrounded by external urethral sphincter

Spongy urethra has 3 layers - inner long, middle circ, outer long

FoundSci Unit 8 (10 decks)

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