Urinary Elimination

Question 1

Excessive output of urine (diuresis)

Answer 1

Polyuria

Question 2

Low urine output; 24 hour output < 400 mL

Answer 2

Oliguria

Question 3

Complete kidney shutdown, renal failure; 24 hours output < 50 mL

Answer 3

Anuria

Question 4

Voiding 2 or more times at night

Answer 4

Nocturia

Question 5

Feeling that the person must void

Answer 5

Urgency

Question 6

Increased incidence of voiding

Answer 6

Frequency

Question 7

Voiding that is painful or difficult

Answer 7

Dysuria

Question 8

Emptying of bladder is impaired; bladder becomes over distended

Answer 8

Urinary Retention

Question 9

person does not perceive bladder fullness and is unable to control the urinary sphincters due to dysfunctional neurological function

Answer 9

Neurogenic bladder

Question 10

Involuntary loss of urine

Answer 10

Incontinence

Question 11

Reasons for catheterization

Answer 11

Relieving urinary retention (Ms.Wagner)
Obtaining a sterile urine specimen
Obtaining a urine specimen (when usual methods can’t be used)
Emptying bladder before, during, or after surgery
Monitoring critically ill patients
Increasing comfort for terminally ill patients

Question 12

Urge Incontinence

Answer 12

Sudden need to urinate
Caused by bladder contractions
Bladder may not be full
Over active Bladder
Causes
Inflammation, infection, neurological disease
BPH, “Overactive bladder”
Treated with anticholinergic medicines 
May increase symptoms of dementia

Question 13

Stress incontinence

Answer 13

Involuntary loss of urine (coughing, laughing, standing, exercising)
Cause
Childbirth, Menopause, Chronic Constipation
Not a complication of normal aging
Treatment
Kegal Exercises
Surgery

Question 14

High post-void residual incontinence (overflow incontinence)

Answer 14

Indicates urinary retention
Only type of urinary incontinence for which a urinary catheter may be used
Patient may require indwelling catheterization or
Intermittent urethral catheterization
Can result from neurogenic bladder

Question 15

transient incontinence

Answer 15

D = delirium or acute confusion
I =  infections (UTI)
A = atrophic vaginitis
P = pharmocologic agents 
P = psychiatric disorders (depression; sedative and antianxiety agents)
E = endocrine disorders
R = restricted mobility
S =  stool impaction

Question 16

Functional incontinence

Answer 16

Inability to reach toilet or adjust clothing
Cause
Mobility deficits, visual loss, dexterity, dementia, severe depression, medications (sedatives)
Caregiver inattention
Toilet inaccessible
Treatment
Treat underlying cause
Assist with mobility

Question 17

Quality of Life Issues r/t incontinence

Answer 17

Isolation
Alterations in lifestyle
Depression
Impaired sexual function

Question 18

nursing interventions to manage urinary incontinence in the older adult

Answer 18

Maintain fluid intake
Provide easy access to the bathroom
Assess factors that influence voiding
Use assistive devices when necessary (examples?)
Use collection devices when necessary (examples?)
Encourage safety when ambulating (how?)
Encourage performance of kegel exercises several times daily
Encourage participation in a bladder retraining program

Question 19

Nursing interventions for nocturia, frequency and urgency in the older adult

Answer 19

Ensure easy access to the bathroom or commode.
Use night light.
Discourage fluid intake at bedtime.
Discourage alcohol use before bedtime.
Evaluate med. Regimen.
Use clothing that is easily removed for voiding
Keep assistive devices readily available
Evaluate gait and ability to ambulate safely
Asses for urinary tract infection