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DMS 1401 > Urinary Bladder > Flashcards

Urinary Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the bladder located on the pelvic floor and is posterior to?

A

Retroperitoneum; Pubis Symphisis

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2
Q

When the bladder is empty what appearance does it have?

A

Folded and wrinkled

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3
Q

How many milliliters is the normal adult bladder when moderately full?

A

500ml (1pint) but can double that if necessary

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4
Q

There are two regions to the superior surface of the bladder, name them both:

A

The fundus located posteriorly and the apex located anteriorly

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5
Q

When the bladder is empty, the anterior surface lies just behind but rarely superior to what in both males and females?

A

Symphysis

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6
Q

The two uretrhal orifices are located in what portion in the body of the bladder?

A

Posteroinferior portion

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7
Q

The urethral orifice is located in (blank) of the bladder and is in the most (blank) region?

A
  • Neck of bladder

- inferior portion

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8
Q

The fibrous medial umbilical ligament is also known as

A

Obliterated urachus

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9
Q

When the bladder is relatively empty in female, the fundal region of the bladder lies in contact with the (blank) wall of vagina and cervix?

A

Anterior wall

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10
Q

What is interposed between the bladder and the rectum?

A

The uterus and vagina

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11
Q

In males, the (blank) an the body of the bladder are related to the rectum

A

The fundus

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12
Q

The fibrous medial umbilical ligament extends from the apex upward as a blunt cone with a solid tender continuation in the midline of the abdominal wall and attaches to what?

A

The umbilicus

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13
Q

The fundus and the body of the bladder are separated by the (blank) of the peritoneum and inferolaterally on each side by the (blank) and (blank) vesicles in males

A
  • rectovesical pouch
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
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14
Q

,What is a fibromuscular and glandular organ that lies just inferior to the bladder?

A

-Prostate

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15
Q

Where does prostate gland secretion enter the prostatic urethra?

A

-via several ducts

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16
Q

How long in centimeters are the seminal vesicles?

A

-6cm long

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17
Q

Each of the seminal vesicles joins its corresponding vas deferencs to form what?

A

-ejaculatory duct

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18
Q

What is the triangular region on the floor of the bladder that has no rugae and is firmly attached to the muscular coat?

A

-Trigone

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19
Q

What are the three openings is the trigone outlined by in the bladder?

A
  • two ureters

- urethra

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20
Q

What are situated superiorly and laterally at the extremities of the cresnt-shapred interuretic ridge that forms the prominal border of the trigone?

A

Urerthral orifices

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21
Q

What is the avg. length and diameter of the ureters?

A

30 cm and 6 mm diameter

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22
Q

The ureters are constricted in three places, name the three

A

At the uterteropelvic junction

-the iliac vessels and at the junction of the bladder

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23
Q

At the bladder urethral junction, there is a thickening of the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall that forms the:

A

Internal urethral sphincter

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24
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is a (blank) muscle and in which the external urethral sphinter is conrolled (blank)

A
  • Involuntary muscle

- Volunarily

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25
Q

The opening of the urethra to the exterior is known as

A

Urinary meatus

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26
Q

How long approx. is the male urethra and it has three regions, name them:

A
  • 20 cm long approx

- Prostatic urethra (2.5cm long approx), membranous urethra and spongy urethra

27
Q

What is the mechanism for voiding urine and starts with involuntary and voluntary nerve impulses?

A

Micturition

28
Q

When the volume of urine exceeds 200ml to 400ml, stretch receptors trigger tansmission of the impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord initiating the conscious desire to expel urine and the unconscious desire which is known as:

A

Micturition reflex

29
Q

What muscle squeezes urine out of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

30
Q

Inability to empty bladder even though there is an excessive amount is known as

A

Retention

31
Q

What is the most widely used method to scan the urinary bladder:

A

Transabdominal

32
Q

During penile artery eval. the proximal and distal end of the urethra can bbe visualized/identified using this approach

A

Endorectal

33
Q

Thickness of the bladder wall will vary when fully distended from (blank) mm to (blank) mm when near empty

A

-3mm to 5mm

34
Q

If the bladder wall is larger than 6mm when empty or fully distended there should be interrogation for

A

Pathological process

35
Q

Sonographically, what are seen as two small oval hypoehoic structures posterior to the bladder and superior to the prostate

A

Seminal Vesicles

36
Q

3D bladder volume measurement can be obtained using a 3D technique called:
(also creates a 3D model of the organ)

A

Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis

37
Q

This abnormality of the bladder is divided into 3 parts in which the peritoneal fold may be complete or incomplete, a septum dividing the bladder with sagitally or coronally or a transverse band of muscle diving the bladder into two unequal parts

A

Duplication of bladder

38
Q

This results from premature branching of embryonic uteretic bid branches and leads to partial division and separation of the related blastema

A

Duplication of ureters

39
Q

This includes a bifurcation of the ureter at or near the renal pelvis that unites at a variable distance between the kidney and the bladder and enter the bladder as a single ureter in the normal bladder trigone

A

Incomplete duplication of ureter

40
Q

When there are two separate renal collecting systems and two separate ureters:

A

Complete duplication

41
Q

What is the absence of the bladder called:

A

Bladder agenesis

rare, occuring vitually in females if surviving and most are stillborn

42
Q

What are pouch-like eversions of the bladder wall and are produced my mucousal herniation through defects in the muscle that can be either aquired or congenital lesions that results in abnormality of bladder function with chronically raised intravesical pressure?

A

Diverticula

43
Q

What is a common form of diverticula that is formed because the ureter is inserted at a weak point in the bladder wall?

A

Paraurethral (Hutch’s) Diverticulum

44
Q

Sonographically, how is there a diagnosis made for diverticulum

A

a narrow communication between the diverticulum and bladder

45
Q

What structure can be routinely found as a hypoechoic linear structure exiting from the base of the bladder and traveling inferior to the pubis symphysis?

A

Normal Urethra

46
Q

What is it called when variable echogenicity depends on the relative orientation of transducer and structure being scanned

A

Anisotrophy

47
Q

What is the elevation of the floor of the prostatic urethra where the seminal ducts enter?

A

Verumontanum

48
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in male infants in which 75% of cases are discovered in the 1st year of life?

A

Posterior urethral valve syndrome

49
Q

Sonographically: A dilated elongated prostatic urethra (peculiar to males); subsequently, thickened bladder wall, hydroureters, or dilated upper urinary tract may develop in this bladder abnormality:

A

Posterior Urethral Valve

50
Q

This abnormality is frequently associcated with other congenital abnormalities and by definition is an enversion of the viscus through a defect in the anterior abdominal wall. Also associcated with the separation of the pubis symphysis:

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

51
Q

This is a norrowing of the bladder neck and is a common cause of vesicoureteral refleux, vesical diverticula, large bladder capacity and the syndrome of irritable bowel, associated with enuresis (involuntary urination):

A

Contracture of the bladder neck

52
Q

This occur when the uteretic buds originate from the mesonephric duct instead of the cloaca:

A

Ectopic Ureter

53
Q

This is a cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter and because of stenosis, hydroureter may be present, hydronephrosis and infection may present in this abnormaility:

A

Ureterocele

54
Q

These appear as round or oval thin-walled cysts structures located at the expected location of the distal urethral orifice:

A

Simple ureteroceles

55
Q

Sonographic appearance of this abnormality: Round, well-defined, thin walled, fluid filled masses with acoustic enhancement, variable in size. Color doppler demonstrates bidirectional flow between the bladder and cystic diverticulum

A

Diverticula

56
Q

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: Dilated, elongated prostatic urethra, subsequently, thickened bladder wall, hydroureters or dilated upper urinary tract may develop

A

Posterior Urethral valve

57
Q

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: Eversion though anterior abdominal wall, other findings include hydronephrosis caused by ureterovesical obstruction:

A

Exstrophy

58
Q

Sonographic appearance of bladder abnormality: Secondary abnormalities include vesicoureteral reflux, vesical diverticula, and large-capacity bladder

A

Bladder neck contracture

59
Q

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: more common for ureter to arise from the upper moiety of a duplex kidney; 10-20% arise from a solitary renal pelvis; may be massively dilated; may mimic multiseptate, cyctic abdominal masses:

A

Ectopic ureterocele

60
Q

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: anechoic mass or diverticular outpouching between dome of bladder and the umbilicus, cyst formation occurs wehn end seals off; adenocarcinoma or calculi may occur in a urachal cyst

A

Persistent urachus

61
Q

This urachal variant occurs in 50% of cases when failing to close prior to birth and is usually associated with urethral obstruction and in this type urine may drain constantly from the umbilicus

A

A patent urachus or fistula

62
Q

Type of urachal variant in which 30% of cases when both ends of the urachal close off on both ends and traps a small amount of urine in canal

A

Urachal cyst

63
Q

Type of urachal variant: results in 15% of cases when urachus closes at the bladder but not the umbilicus

A

Urachal Sinus

64
Q

This urachal variant results in 5% of cases wgen urachus closes at the umbilicus and remains patent(open) at the bladder:

A

urachus diverticulum

DMS 1401 (4 decks)

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