Urinary and Repro

Question 1

in general, what commensals are part of the normal microbiome in cat and dog urinary tracts

Answer 1

Gram negative and positives, mycoplasma, aerobes, anaerobes

Question 2

describe typical small animal UTI signalment

Answer 2

more common in dogs, female, older

Question 3

what is the most common UTI bacteria in small animals

Answer 3

EPEC (uropathogenic E. coli)

Question 4

define cystitis

Answer 4

inflammation* of bladder, usually from ascending infection of urethra

Question 5

define pyelonephritis

Answer 5

infection of kidneys, usually from ascending infection of ureter

Question 6

name any 3 common clinical signs of cystitis

Answer 6

dysuria, pollakiurua, stranguria, hematuria, caudal abdominal pain

Question 7

name any 3 common clinical signs of pyelonephritis

Answer 7

kidney or flank pain; possible fever, vomiting, polyuria, and/or polydipsia (PUPD especially if chronic)

Question 8

what is the preferred method to diagnose a UTI

Answer 8

culture of bladder urine by cystocentesis; male dogs can be catheterized if cystocentesis fails/bladder not palpable

Question 9

describe morphology, biochemical tests, and basic ecology of genus Corynebacterium

Answer 9

Gram-positive, rod-shaped pleiomorphic, aerobic or facultative aerobic, host specific to cattle; they are obligate symbiont bacteria (normal in lower urogenital tract and prepuce) but opportunistic pathogen of urinary tract and kidneys

Question 10

in increasing order virulence, what are the three virulent strains of Corynebacterium in cattle

Answer 10

Corynebacterium pilosum < C. renale < C. cystitidis

Question 11

what percentage of Corynebacterium UTI cases are fatal in cattle

Answer 11

25-30% (note typical herd incidence 1%)

Question 12

how can Corynebacterium UTI be diagnosed

Answer 12

urinalysis (blood, protein, leukocytes) with clinical sings or urine culture and isolation

Question 13

how can Corynebacterium UTI be treated

Answer 13

2-4 weeks antibiotics if acute infection; later, harder to reach bacteriia in pus and in chronic cases kidneys irreversible damaged

Question 14

what would pyelonephritis look like upon gross post-mortem exam

Answer 14

usually one kidney affected and enlarged; granular renal cortex with hemorrhage and abscess; chronically calculi resent in renal calyces and in thickened fibrotic ureter; thickened bladder; purulent exudate

Question 15

how do clinical signs differ between acute and chronic cystitis pyelonephritis

Answer 15

cystitis: frequent painful urination, hematuria, proteinuria, colic, fever. pyelonephritis, acute: fever, anorexia, abnormal posture, hematuria, polyuria. chronic pyelonephritis: weight loss, anorexia, decreased milk production

Question 16

what is first clinical sign of cystitis or pyelonephritis

Answer 16

blood-stained urine in apparently healthy cow

Question 17

what is the difference between reproductive infections and venereal infections

Answer 17

reproductive infections have a primary effect on fertility and distinct pathogen-clinical manifestation relationship; venereal infections are primarily transmitted through coitus

Question 18

an intact female dog completed estrus 2 months ago and is now febrile, lethargic, anorexic, vomiting, has diarrhea, PUPD, and signs of toxemia. your exam shows purulent vaginal discharge and a large, painful abdomen. what reproductive infection do you suspect

Answer 18

open pyometra (note if this was a closed pyometra, no vaginal discharge, and septicemia, endotexemia (E. coli) and septic peritonitis could be present

Question 19

what is a predisposing hormonal factor for pyometra in dogs

Answer 19

high P4 levels in luteal phase (lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia favorable to bacterial infection)

Question 20

name 2 ways to treat pyometra

Answer 20

surgical ovariohysterectomy or pharmaceutical treatment (prostaglandins, anti-gestagens)

Question 21

name 2 ways to prevent pyometra

Answer 21

early ovariohysterectomy; pregnancy

Question 22

after parturition in cattle, metritis can occur due to compromised cervical, vaginal, and vulvar physical barriers, causing an imbalance in uterine microbiome. name 4 bacteria associated with metritis

Answer 22

infectious diseases (Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, calpylobacteriosis); or, imbalance in uterine microbiome due to damage of physical barriers (cervix, vagina, vulva) following parturition leading to E. coli, Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, or Prevotella melaninogenica infection

Question 23

your cow had a challenging birth just under 3 weeks ago during which she experienced dystocia and fetal membrane retention. now she has an enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge. what general disease are you suspicious of

Answer 23

metritis

Question 24

your cow had a challenging birth just over 2 weeks ago during which she experienced dystocia and fetal membrane retention. now she has an enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge. what general disease are you suspicious of

Answer 24

endometritis

Question 25

your cow is having a higher number of open days and difficulty calving to conception, so you are suspicious of subclinical endometritis. what do you expect to see on uterine cytology?

Answer 25

if she is 21-33 days postpartum, >18% neutrophils; if 34-47 dpp, >10% neutrophils

Question 26

this mucosal commensal of URT and caudal reproductive tract of horses is Gram-positive and causes opportunistic infection of reproductive tract (following viral infection, heat stress, or tissue injury) and respiratory tract. affects horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, cats, dogs, and humans. name species and subspecies.

Answer 26

Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

Question 27

name 2 ways Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus infection can be prevented

Answer 27

decrease stress, treat predisposing medical conditions, immunize (limited protection because it has many strains and is opportunistic)

Question 28

name 3 ways Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus infection can present

Answer 28

endometritis, infectious abortion, placentitis, epididymitis

Question 29

this micro-aerophilic non-motile Gram-negative rod or pleiomorphic coccobacillus is a slow-growing, obligate symbiotic facultative pathogenic microorganism in the genital tract of horses. it causes a reportable disease, contagious equine metritis, and transmission can occur directly and indirectly from global movement of animals, breeding semen, and fomites. name species

Answer 29

Taylorella equigenitalis

Question 30

what disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause

Answer 30

contagious equine metritis, CEM

Question 31

contagious equine metritis causes what clinical signs in stallions

Answer 31

no clinical signs, but can transmit it

Question 32

contagious equine metritis causes what clinical signs in mares? can mares transmit it?

Answer 32

endometritis, cervicitis, vaginitis, copious greyish-white purulent discharge and intense neutrophilic endometritis, temporary infertility, abortion. small number of mares become chronic carriers. or if pregnant and do not abort can produce carrier foals

Question 33

what is gold standard for diagnosis of contagious equine metritus

Answer 33

bacteriological isolation (transport in Amies media with charcoal). note PCR is actually more sensitive but is not ‘gold standard’

Question 34

how is contagious equine metritus treated

Answer 34

flush and srub genital surfaces and sinuses with antiseptic solutions and ointments, especially nitrofurazone. not always effective, so topical antibiotic treatment may be combined with systemic antibiotics

Question 35

what are 2 human at risk populations of Brucellosis (the most globally widespread zoonosis)

Answer 35

vets and animal workers

Question 36

this genus is an obligate symbiont, obligate pathogen that requires complex media with10% CO2 to grow and special stains to visualize. morphology is cocci-coccobacilli, orshort bacilla, which are non-motile, no capsule, no flagella. causes an zoonotic, reportable disease. what is the genus and disease

Answer 36

genus Brucella, causes brucellosis

Question 37

how is brucellosis transmitted

Answer 37

between infected wildlife, domestic animals, and humans (cattle, dogs, sheep, pigs, wild ungulates, rodents) by direct contact with aborted fetuses, contaminated feed or water, colostrum, unpasteurized milk, or penetration of mucus membranes

Question 38

what 2 subspecies cause enzootic sterility in cows and are immunized against yearly in bulls and cows and heifers 3-4 weeks before and mid-breeding season

Answer 38

Campylobacter fetus venerealis and C. fetus fetus

Question 39

describe morphology of genus Campylobacter

Answer 39

curved, spiral, or slender Gram-negative rods with flagella on one or both sides