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Systemic Pathology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of acute renal failure?

A 
Good body condition
Enlarged kidneys
Severe clinical signs related to bloodwork
Normal to increase PCV
Normal to increase K
More severe metabolic acidosis
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2
Q

What are the features of chronic renal failure?

A 
Poor body condition
Small kidneys
Mild clinical signs related to bloodwork (BUT higher BUN and creatinine)
Nonregenerative anemia
Normal to decrease K
Less severe metabolic acidosis
Long standing PU/PD
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3
Q

Renal aplasia/agenesis

A

Absence of one or both kidneys

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4
Q

Renal hypoplasia

A

Kidneys smaller than normal (contralateral one may be hyperplastic)

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5
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Kidneys fused at pole (normally function fine)

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6
Q

What is PKD? What breed does it mainly affect?

A

Polycystic kidney disease

Persian cats (also Himalayans, British Shorthairs)

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7
Q

How is PKD inherited in this breed?

A

Autosomal dominant defect in PKD1 gene

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8
Q

When do animals typically exhibit evidence of renal dysfunction and renal failure in PKD?

A

Renal dysfuntion: 3-10 years of age

Renal failure: > 7 years of age

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9
Q

What are the lesions of PKD?

A

Lots of cysts on the kidney

Sometimes get hepatic cysts

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10
Q

From what part of the nephron do cysts develop in PKD?

A

Can arise from ANY segment of nephron

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11
Q

What shape are renal infarcts and why are they this shape?

A

Wedge shaped

Because the kidney blood supply shapes wedges

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12
Q

Administration of which drugs is associated with papillary necrosis?

A

NSAIDS

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of papillary necrosis?

A

NSAIDS prohibit PGE2 –> PGE2 isn’t there to vasodilate the arterioles in juxtamedullary nephrons (by pelvis) –> infarct and ischemia occurs

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14
Q

What do hydronephrosis and hydroureter occur secondary to?

A

Obstruction

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15
Q

What structures can be altered in GN?

A

Basement membrane
Mesangial cells
Mesangial matrix
Immune complex deposition

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of immune complex GN?

A

Circulating immune complexes deposited in glomerular basement membrane OR antibodies formed against glomerular basement membrane –> complement fixation and leukocyte infiltration –> production of inflammatory mediators –> filtration barrier compromised –> protein loss

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17
Q

What are conditions commonly associated with immune complex GN?

A

Chronic inflammatory stimuli:

Viral diseases
Chronic bacterial infection
Parasitic and protozoal disease
Autoimmune disease
Neoplasms
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18
Q

Are underlying conditions often identified at the time the animal is symptomatic for renal disease in immune complex GN?

A

NO

The initial inciting cause is often not determined

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19
Q

What is the urinalysis finding that is most suggestive of glomerular disease? What is the most sensitive way to measure it?

A

Proteinuria (WITH absence of hemorrhage or inflammation)

Urine protein to urine creatinine ratio

20
Q

What type of amyloid is most commonly present in glomerular amyloidosis?

A

Serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute phase protein associated with chronic inflammation

21
Q

Which animals have systemic reactive amyloidosis?

A

Most commonly in Shar Pei’s and Abyssian cats, but has been described in multiple breeds

22
Q

What histochemical stain would you use to confirm material in the glomeruli is amyloid?

A

Congo red

23
Q

What effect does amyloid deposition have on glomeruli and what does this lead to?

A

Decreases function of filtration barrier

Leads to progressive renal insufficiency and proteinuria

24
Q

What happens to tubules with significant glomerular disease?

A

They get damaged

Vacuolization and necrosis

25
Q

Where in the kidney do bacteria most commonly lodge in septicemic processes?

A

Glomerular and peritubular capillaries (so mostly in the cortex)

26
Q

Which bacteria most commonly cause embolic glomerulitis in horses? In pigs? In cattle?

A

Horses: Actinobacillus equuli
Pigs: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Cattle: Trueperella pyogenes

27
Q

What causes ischemic tubular necrosis?

A

Hypotension (shock)

28
Q

Which part of the nephron is most significantly affected in ischemic tubular necrosis?

A

Primarily proximal tubules (have the highest energy)

29
Q

Can basement membranes be preserved in ischemic tubular necrosis, and why is this important?

A

Yes if it’s not severe, so the tubules can regenerate

30
Q

Which part of the nephron is most significantly affected by nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis?

A

Proximal tubules

31
Q

Can basement membranes be preserved in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis, and why is this important?

A

Yes, so the tubules can regenerate

Better chance of preservation than ischemic tubular necrosis

32
Q

What is pyelonephritis? How do these infections typically reach the kidney?

A

Inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma

Results from ascending infections from lower urinary tract infection

33
Q

What are the histologic lesions in pyelonephritis, and which portions of the kidney are most severely affected?

A

Neutrophils

Renal tubules

34
Q

What is the kidney worm in swine, and where is the worm located?

A

Stephanurus dentatus

Located in renal pelvis

35
Q

Which species are affected by Dioctophyma renale?

A

Piscivorous mammals (mink, dogs, cats)

36
Q

Where are the Dioctophyma renale worms located?

A

Renal pelvis

37
Q

What are the lesions associated with Dioctophyma renal?

A

Progressive destruction of renal parenchyma

38
Q

What is the most common primary renal tumor in pigs? Dogs? Cattle? Horses?

A

Pigs: Nephroblastoma
Dogs: adenocarcinoma
Cattle: adenocarcinoma
Horses: adenocarcinoma

39
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

Ureters empty where they’re not supposed to: bladder neck, urethra, vagina, vas deferens, seminal vescicles

40
Q

What is a patent urachus? In which species is it most common?

A

Failure of closure of the urachral lumen, resulting in dribbling urine

Most common in foals

41
Q

What are predisposing factors for urolithiasis?

A 
Urine pH (precipitation)
Water intake
Hereditary factors (dalmatians)
Dietary factors
UTIs

Males more likely to obstruct

42
Q

What are predisposing factors for cystitis?

A 
Female
Loss of normal voiding mechanisms
Loss of acidic urine pH (carnivores)
Glucosuria
Proteinuria
Mucosal trauma
43
Q

What is the cause of enzootic hematuria?

A

Chronic ingestion of bracken fern

44
Q

What lesions are seen in enzootic hematuria?

A

Mature cattle with persistent hematuria with hemorrhage and/or neoplasms in lower urinary tract

45
Q

Where do transitional cell carcinomas most commonly occur?

A

Bladder neck and trigone

46
Q

What are common presenting clinical signs for TCCs?

A

Straining to urinate
Hematuria
UTI

Systemic Pathology (2 decks)

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