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Pathology Urinary and Reproductive > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Do urinary procedures need CM?

A

Yes, typically.

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2
Q

What does VCUG stand for

A

Voiding cystourethrogram

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3
Q

What is a high BUN indicative of

A

Kidneys may not be working well

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4
Q

What is a high creatinine indicative of

A

kidney not filtering well

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5
Q

What is a low eGFR indicative of

A

loss of kidney function

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6
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

Abnormally positioned kidney

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7
Q

Are ectopic kidneys functional

A

usually yes

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8
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Both poles are mal-rotated and joined resembling a horseshoe

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9
Q

Duplication/Duplex collecting system

A

anomaly where multiple collecting systems form. Bifid: 2 collecting systems to one renal pelvis and ureter
complete double pelvis/duplex: 2 renal pelvis and ureters per kidney

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10
Q

What does VUR stand for

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux

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11
Q

What is Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

A

An abnormal flow or urine from the bladder back into ureters DUE to failure of the vesico-urethral valve

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12
Q

Is VUR typically in adults or children

A

Usually a congenital condition in children

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13
Q

Is VUR congenital or traumatic

A

Typically congenital but can be from nerve damage or urethral blockage

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14
Q

What is a common complication of VUR

A

UTI

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15
Q

Ureterocele

A

Stenosis of distal ureter…leads to prolapsed bladder

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16
Q

How will Uretocele affect the bladder

A

It will prolapse and subsequently become abnormally dilated

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17
Q

What does Uretocele commonly lead to

A

hydronephrosis

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18
Q

What is something to look for radiographically for Uretocele

A

Cobra Head sign

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19
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney (acute or chronic)

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20
Q

What is often the cause of Pyelonephritis

A

Urinary tract obstruction

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21
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in urine

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22
Q

What can happen with unresolved Pyelonephritis when a patient is diabetic

A

May become emphysematous pyelonephritis which is a necrotizing infection that can permanently damage or destroy a kidney

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23
Q

How does pyelonephritis look on an xray

A

There can be an abscess, hydronephrosis(enlarged kidney), or gas bubbles if it is emphysematous

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24
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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25
Q

Is Cystitis more common in male or female anatomy

A

Female anatomy due to the shorter urethra

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26
Q

What are some possible causes of Cystitis

A

Bacterial infection, Instrumentation, Catheterization, or sexual intercourse

27
Q

How can you help prevent cystitis in a patient with a catheter

A

keep the bag lower than the bladder to prevent backflow

28
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

29
Q

Renal Calculi

A

Kidney Stones

30
Q

What can Renal Calculi be made of

A

Calcium, uric acid, cystine, struvite

31
Q

What percentage of renal stones are radioopaque

A

~80%

32
Q

Phleboliths

A

Calcified clots within a vein

33
Q

What is commonly mistaken for kidney stones

A

Phleboliths

34
Q

Where are phleboliths most commonly located

A

Lower part of pelvis

35
Q

Renal Colic

A

Severe pain presenting suddenly

36
Q

What is usually the cause of Renal Colic

A

stones stuck in kidney, renal pelvis or ureters. Pain is from dilation and stretching/spasm of the ureter

37
Q

What is a symptom of Renal Colic (besides pain)

A

Hematuria (blood in urine)

38
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Dilation/distention of renal pelvis and calyces (due to trapped urine)

39
Q

What commonly causes Hydronephrosis

A

Obstructions

40
Q

What is bilateral hydronephrosis indicative of

A

an obstruction at the base of the urinary bladder or urethra (affecting both ureters)

41
Q

What is the main concern with hydronephrosis

A

It can lead to a completely and PERMANENTLY destroyed kidney functionally

42
Q

Hydroureter

A

Dilated ureters

43
Q

What are some treatments for Renal Calculi

A

Hydrate and wait
Lithotripsy (ultrasound shock waves to destroy stone)
Laster Lithotripsy (laser to destroy)
Chemolysis (medication to break them)
Surgical removal

44
Q

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy/lithotripsy

A

Through small incision a tube is used to visualize the stone, then remove/break it. Follow up in fluoro

45
Q

Cystoscopic retrieval can be 2 methods. These are

A

Basket extraction and Stent insertion

46
Q

Are renal cysts usually malignant or benign

A

benign

47
Q

Septations

A

Septums between portions of a cyst

48
Q

Are renal cysts always unifocal

A

no, can be unifocal or bilateral

49
Q

What may you need to do to definitively diagnose renal cysts

A

a biopsy

50
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Inherited disorder: cysts lobulate on the kidneys

51
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Any malignancy involving glandular tissue in epithelium

52
Q

Renal cell adenocarcinoma

A

Most common cancer of kidneys (RCC)

53
Q

What is another name for RCC (renal cell carcinoma)

A

Hypernephroma

54
Q

What is often the only symptom of RCC

A

Painless hematuria

55
Q

Bladder carcinoma

A

Bladder tumor from epithelium

56
Q

Who is most susceptible to bladder carcinoma

A

Males over 50

57
Q

What is the most common symptom of bladder carcinoma

A

painless hematuria

58
Q

ACUTE Renal Failure

A

quick onset and sudden damage. Rapid deterioration means nitrogen containing waste accumulates in the blood.

59
Q

CHRONIC Renal Failure

A

Slow progression (over months)

60
Q

Renal Hypertension

A

Also called renovascular hypertension.
Elevated blood pressure CAUSED by narrowing arteries that deliver blood to kidney

61
Q

What are the symptoms of Renal hypertension

A

usually ASYMPPTOMATIC aside from really high BP

62
Q

How is Renal hypertension usually managed

A

Using BP medication

63
Q

What is a more severe treatment for renal hypertension

A

Angioplasty. Stenting or surgery.

Pathology Urinary and Reproductive (2 decks)

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