Urinalysis Flashcards
What does positive ketones suggest in a urine?
- Dehydration
- Low carb diet
- DKA
How many bacteria in the urine make it a positive culture in an asymptomatic patient?
> 100,000 CFU/ml
How many bacteria in the urine make it a positive culture in a symptomatic patient?
100-100,000 CFU/ml
What is the range for minimal protein in the urine from a 24 hour urine sample and what does it mean?
- <0.5g/day
Exercise, concentrated urine, fever, cystitis, polycystic kidneys
What is the range for moderate protein in the urine from a 24 hour urine sample and what does it mean?
- 0.5-3g/day
Mild DM nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis
What is the range for marked protein in the urine from a 24 hour urine sample and what does it mean?
- > 3g/day
Lupus nephritis, AGN, severe DM nephropathy, amyloid disease
When looking at the albumin/creatinine ratio from the urine how do you know if a patient is in chronic kidney failure?
> 17 mg/g males
> 25mg/g females
What is the significance if the urine is colorless or pale?
Diabetes insipidus, alcohol, increased fluid intake, water intoxication related to psychiatric meds
What is the significance if the urine is red or brown?
Blood, porphyrin, food (beets, rhubarb, food coloring), meds (sulfisoxazole, phenytoin, cascara, chlorpromazine, rifampin, senna)
What is the significance if the urine is orange?
Decreased oral intake, urobilinogen, fever, meds (pyridium, sulfa, nitrofurantoin), foods (carrots, rhubarb)
What is the significance if the urine is blue or green?
Pseudomonas, meds(amitriptyline, methylene blue, vitamin B complex)
What is the significance if the urine is brown or black?
Hemorrhage, melanin, bilirubin, methemoglobin, myoglobin
What is the significance if the urine is cloudy?
bacteria, pus, prostatic fluid, semen
What is the significance if the urine is milky?
Pyuria, hyperlipidemia
What is the significance if the urine is foamy?
Cirrhosis, bilirubin, bile, hepatitis, obstructive liver disease, proteinuria
What is the significance if the urine smells like ammonia?
Urea breakdown, increased nitrites
What is the significance if the urine is foul smelling?
Bacteria
What is the significance if the urine is mousy smelling?
Phenylketonuria
What is the significance if the urine is fruity smelling?
DM, starvation or extreme dieting, anorexia, bulimia
What is a normal pH of urine?
4.6-6.5
What causes the pH of urine to be <4.6?
Acidosis, high-protein diet, severe diarrhea/vomiting, severe COPD, renal stones and Metformin
What causes the pH of urine to be 6.5-8?
Bacteriuria, UTI, metabolic alkalosis, meds (neomycin, sulfa, potassium citrate
What is the normal specific gravity of urine?
1.005-1.030
What causes the specific gravity to be <1.005?
Diabetes insipidus, increased oral intake and diuretics
