Urinalysis

Question 1

What is specific gravity determined by?

Answer 1

number of and wt of solutes in solution

Question 2

What determines osmolality?

Answer 2

Just the number of solutes in solution

Question 3

Maximally dilute urine?

Answer 3

1.002(specific gravity) 50-100 mosm/kg

Question 4

Normal isoosmotic urine?

Answer 4

1.010(specific gravity) 300mosm/kg

Question 5

max conc urine?

Answer 5

1.030(specific gravity) 1200mosm/kg

Question 6

urinary pH?

Answer 6

5-6.5

Question 7

pH in urinary tract infection>

Answer 7

7.5-8.0

Question 8

Is glucose normally present in urine?

Answer 8

No. hyperglycemia results in a filtered load that is greater than the reabsorption capacity and this can cause glycosuria. Glucose in the urine when there is no high blood glucose signals a proximal tubular dysfunction

Question 9

Are ketones normally present in urine?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

When are ketones present?

Answer 10

During diabetic ketoacidosis and fasting

Question 11

sexiest man alive

Answer 11

Kenneth L. Kennedy

Question 12

Positive nitrite suggests?

Answer 12

UTI…gram negative

Question 13

What is normal protein excretion?

Answer 13

less than 150 mg/day

Question 14

What are the two ways to test for proteinuria?

Answer 14

24 hr collection, urine protein over creatinine

Question 15

What are the three types of proteinuria?

Answer 15

Glomerular, Tubular, Overflow

Question 16

What is the most abundant protein in glomerular proteinuria?

Answer 16

Albumin

Question 17

3+ and 4+….what is the significance of these numbers?

Answer 17

These scores suggest nephrotic range proteinuria. Thats bad news

Question 18

What is tubular proteinuria?

Answer 18

Failure to reabsorb low molecular wt. proteins in the proximal tubule

Question 19

What is overflow proteinuria?

Answer 19

Excess production of low molecular wt. proteins. Leads to an increased filterel load that surpasses the reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubule. Associated with light chain proteinuria in multiple myeloma

Question 20

Urinary anion gap=

Answer 20

(Na + K) - Cl

Question 21

If the urinary anion gap is positive, what does that suggest?

Answer 21

renal tubular disorder.

Question 22

If the urinary anion gap is negative (hyperchloremic), what does that suggest?

Answer 22

Gastrointestinal disorder

Question 23

Normal urine has how many RBCs per high powered field?

Answer 23

0-2

Question 24

Clues that blood is of renal origin?

Answer 24

RBCs are dysmorphic, presence of RBC casts, often associated with proteinuria

Question 25

Clues that blood is of extra-renal origin?

Answer 25

Usually normal shape, clots may be present, absence of heavy proteinuria