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Clinical Skills > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of diseases which may be detected by the use of urinalysis?

A

Diabetes
Renal stones
UTIs

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2
Q

What measures should be taken to ensure infection control when doing urinalysis?

A

Wash hands before and after
Use gloves during procedure
All spillage decontaminated appropriately
Waste disposed of appropriately

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3
Q

Why might urinalysis be done?

A

To aid in diagnosis
For screening purposes
To monitor the effects of treatment
To permit laboratory culture to identify micro-organisms and determine drug sensitivity

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4
Q

What are the two type of specimens used in urinalysis - explain the difference between them?

A

Mid stream specimens of urine (collected from a patient without a catheter, patient collects sample mid stream)
Catheter specimen or urine (collected by syringe from a patient with a catheter)

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5
Q

For mid stream specimens of urine, the patient should urinate into a bowl and this should be transferred to the sample bottle. What additional substance is contained in the red top sample bottles?

A

Boric acid

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6
Q

What equipment is needed to obtained a catheter specimen of urine?

A 
Disposable gloves
A sterile needle
A sterile syringe
Two alcohol-impregnated wipes
A boric acid urine container
Sharps disposal bin
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7
Q

Before beginning urinalysis, what checks should be done?

A

Check patient name and date of birth

Check use by date of dipsticks

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8
Q

If urine has a sweet smell, what might this suggest?

A

Presence of glucose in urine - check for diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

If the urine smells fishy, what might this suggest?

A

Infection present

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10
Q

What is the difference between frank and microscopic haematuria?

A

Frank haematuria - blood can be seen in the urine sample by the naked eye
Microscopic haematuria - blood is found in the urine by the dipstick test

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11
Q

Glycosuria is suggestive of which disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

Proteinuria can be a manifestation of acute or chronic renal disease. T/F?

A

True

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13
Q

Why might a patient have ketones in their urine?

A

Because they have poorly controlled diabetes mellitus or because of prolonged/ excessive fasting or prolonged periods of vomiting

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14
Q

What does the presence of nitrites in the urine suggest?

A

The presence of infection

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15
Q

A negative nitrites result on a dipstick test rules out a UTI. T/F?

A

False - not all bacteria can convert nitrate to nitrite

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16
Q

In addition to the presence of nitrites, a positive result on what other factor on a dipstick test indicates the presence of a UTI?

A

Leucocytes

17
Q

Describe how the process of urinalysis is undertaken?

A

Wash hands and don PPE
Check patient name and DOB
Check that dipsticks are in date
Observe urine for sediment, colour and odour
Remove reagent strip without touching the reagent squares
Immerse the strip fully in the urine
Remove the strip from the urine and tap on the rim of the container to remove the excess
Hold strip against the chart and interpret any colour changes at the appropriate timing s according to the dipstick test
Dispose of equipment
Wash hands
Record results

18
Q

Some clinical areas will have a machine called a urinalysis analyser which evaluates the urine. This is known as point of care testing. T/F?

A

True

19
Q

What factors may result in orange/brown urine?

A

Liver failure
Metronidazole
Ingesting carrots

20
Q

What factors may result in red urine?

A

Frank haematuria
Lead or mercury poisoning
Rifampicin (pink urine)
Ingesting beetroot or rhubarb

21
Q

What factors may result in green/blue urine?

A

UTI
Hypercalcaemia
Amitripyline

22
Q

What factors may result in colourless urine?

A

Excessive fluid intake
Diabetes insipisdus
Diuretics

23
Q

The normal pH of the urine is acidic. T/F?

A

True

24
Q

Alkalinity of the urine may indicate the presence of certain bacteria such as…?

A

Pseudomonas
Kiebsiella
Proteus mirabilis

25
Q

What type of diet may result in a more alkaline urine?

A

Vegetarian

26
Q

If blood is found in the urine of a female patient, what should you check before doing further investigation?

A

That the patient is not menstruating

27
Q

What is specific gravity on a dipstick test measuring?

A

The total solute concentration

28
Q

If a patient is dehydrated, what effect will this have on specific gravity?

A

High levels of SG

29
Q

What diseases/conditions may result in a dilute urine giving a low specific gravity?

A

Diabetes insipidus

Hypercalcaemia

30
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

10-11 mols

31
Q

Corticosteroids can result in glycosuria. T/F?

A

True

Clinical Skills (3 decks)

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