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Clinical Microscopy > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Order of urine formation

A

Glomerulus > pct > loop of henle > dct > collecting duct > calyx > renal pelvis

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3
Q

Alter urine concentration

A

Pct, LH, dct & collecting duct

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4
Q

Highly permeable to water

A

Ascending loop of henle

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5
Q

Renal blood flow

A

Renal artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries > vasa recta > renal vein

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6
Q

Resembles a sieve and located within the bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

1st function to be affected in renal disease

A

Tubular reabsorption

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8
Q

Renal threshold for glucose

A

160 to 180 mg/dL

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9
Q

Major site of reabsorption of plasma subs.

A

PCT

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10
Q

Regulates water reabsorption in dct and cd

A

ADH/vasopressin

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11
Q

ADH deficiency

A

Diabetes insipidus

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12
Q

ADH excess

A

SIADH

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13
Q

Regulates sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

2 major functions of tubular secretion

A

Elimination of waste products; regulation of the acid-base balance

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15
Q

Inability to produce an acid urine; hydrogen ions are not excreted in the urine

A

Renal tubular acidosis

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16
Q

Used to evaluate glomerular filtration

A

Clearance tests

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17
Q

Oldest clearance test

A

Urea

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18
Q

Most common clearance test

A

Creatinine

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19
Q

Gold standard in clearance test

A

Inulin

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20
Q

Used to evaluate tubular reabsorption

A

Concentration tests

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21
Q

Obsolete test(tubular reab): when px is deprived of fluid for 24hours, urine SG is then measured.

A

Fishberg test (SG should be >/= 1.026)

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22
Q

Obsolete test(renal reab): Compare day & night urine in terms in volume & sg

A

Mosenthal test

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23
Q

Commonly used test in tubular reabsorption that is influenced by the number & specific gravity of particles in solution

A

Specific gravity

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24
Q

Commonly used test in tubular reabsorption that is influenced by the number of particles in a sol’n

A

Osmolarity

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25
Q

Tests in tubular secretion & renal blood flow

A

PAH (p-aminohippuric acid) test, PSP (phenolsulfonphtalein) test

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26
Q

Urine composition

A

95-97% water, 3-5% solids

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27
Q

Type of urine: For routine and qualitive UA

A

Random/occasional/single

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28
Q

Type of urine: ideal spx for routine and preg test (HCG)

A

First morning

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29
Q

Type of urine: for evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria

A

First morning

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30
Q

Type of urine: for diabetic screening/monitoring

A

2-hour postprandial

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31
Q

Type of urine: optional with blood samples in gtt

A

Glucose tolerance

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32
Q

Type of urine: collected at specific time intervals to compare conc’n of subs in urine with its concentration in the blood (used in the diagnosis of diabetes)

A

Fractional specimen

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33
Q

Type of urine: for routine & bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean catch

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34
Q

Type of urine: for bacterial culture

A

Catheterized

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35
Q

Type of urine: bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration

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36
Q

Type of urine: use of soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive

A

Pediatric spx

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37
Q

Type of urine: for prostatic infection

A

Three-glass technique

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38
Q

Type of urine: begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder

A

24-hr

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39
Q

True or false: 24-hr spx requires preservative

A

True

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40
Q

Type of urine: for addis count

A

12-hr

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41
Q

Type of urine: for urobilinogen

A

Afternoon (2-4pm)

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42
Q

The process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collectuion to the receipt of lab results

A

Chain of custody

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43
Q

Required urine volune in drug spx collection

A

30-45 mL (60 mL container capacity)

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44
Q

Increased changes in unpreserved urine

A

PH, bacteria, odor, nitrite

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45
Q

Least affected parameter

A

Protein

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46
Q

Normal range of urine volume (24 hrs)

A

600-2000 mL

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47
Q

Average urine volume

A

1 200-1 500 mL

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48
Q

Night : Day ratio of urine volume

A

1:2 to 1:3

49
Q

Volume required in urinalysis

A

10 to 15 mL (average 12mL)

50
Q

Specific gravity of DM

A

⬆️ SG

51
Q

Specific of DI

A

⬇️ SG

52
Q

Increased urine volume

A

Polyuria

53
Q

Decreased urine volume

A

Oliguria

54
Q

Complete cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

55
Q

Excretion of more than 500 mL of urine at night

A

Nocturia

56
Q

Causes of oliguria

A

Dehydration, renal calculi or tumor

57
Q

Causes of anuria

A

Complete obstruction (stones, carcinomas), toxic agents, dec. renal blood flow

58
Q

Causes of nocturia

A

Pregnancy

59
Q

Rough indicator of the degree of hydration

A

Urine color

60
Q

True or false: urine color shouldn’t correlate with urine SG

A

False

61
Q

Major pigment of urine

A

Urochrome

62
Q

Color of urochrome

A

Yellow

63
Q

Color of uroerythrin

A

Pink

64
Q

Color of urobilin

A

Dark yellow/orange

65
Q

May deposit in amorphous urates & uric acid crystals

A

Uroerythrin

66
Q

Imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin

67
Q

Color of urine that is correlated with strenous exercise

A

Dark yellow

68
Q

Color of urine that is correlated with fever and burns

A

Amber

69
Q

Color of urine that is correlated with pseudomonas infection

A

Green

70
Q

Color of urine that is correlated with porphyrins

A

Portwine

71
Q

Pathologic causes of urine turbidity

A

Rbcs, wbcs, bacteria, yeast and nonsquamous epithelial cells, abnormal crystals, lymph fluids, lipids

72
Q

Normal odor of urine

A

Aromatic

73
Q

Fruity odor

A

Ketones, DM

74
Q

Cabbage odor

A

Methionine malabsorption

75
Q

Rotting fish

A

Trimethyl aminuria

76
Q

Swimming pool odor

A

Hawkinsinuria

77
Q

Odorless

A

Acute tubular necrosis

78
Q

Principle of glucose

A

Double sequential enzyme reaction

79
Q

Principle of Bilirubin

A

Diazo reaction

80
Q

Principle of ketones

A

Sodium nitroprusside reaction (Legal’s test)

81
Q

Principle of Specific gravity

A

pKa change of polyelectrolyte

82
Q

Principle of pH

A

Double indicator system

83
Q

Principle of Protein

A

Protein error of indicator / Sorensen’s

84
Q

Principle of Blood

A

Pseudoperoxidase of Hgb

85
Q

Principle of urobilinogen

A

Ehrlich’s reaction

86
Q

Principle of Nitrite

A

Greiss reaction

87
Q

Principle of Leukocyte

A

Leukocyte Esterase

88
Q

Principle of Rgt strip

A

Reflectance photometry

89
Q

This is influenced by the number and size of particles in a solution

A

Specific gravity

90
Q

Normal specific gravity of random urine specimen

A

1.003 to 1.035

91
Q

SG of Isosthenuria

A

1.010

92
Q

SG of Hyposthenuria

A

<1.010

93
Q

SG of Hypersthenuria

A

> 1.010

94
Q

Calibration temp of Urinometer

A

20degC

95
Q

Rgt of Sg in rgt strip

A

Bromthymol blue

96
Q

Important in the identification of crystals and determination of unsatisfactory specimens

A

pH

97
Q

Normal pH of random urine specimen

A

4.5 to 8

98
Q

pH of first morning specimen

A

5.0 to 8.0

99
Q

pH of unpreserved specimen

A

9.0

100
Q

Reagents in pH

A

Methyl red(pH4.0-6.0), Bromthymol Blue(pH6.0-9.0)

101
Q

Most indicative of renal disease

A

PROTEIN

102
Q

Protein produces what in urine when shaken?

A

White foam

103
Q

Major serum protein found in the urine

A

Albumin

104
Q

Pink sediment in an acidic urine

A

Amorphous urates

105
Q

Four-sided flat plates/lemon-shaped crystal

A

Uric acid

106
Q

Enveloped/pyrimidal shaped crystal

A

Calcium oxalate (dihydrate)

107
Q

Oval/dumbell shaped crystal

A

CaOx (monohydrate)

108
Q

Cigarette-butt shaped crystal

A

Calcium sulfate

109
Q

“Thorny apples” crystals

A

Ammonium biurate

110
Q

Coffin-lid shaped crystals

A

Triple phosphate

111
Q

Flatplates thin prisms in rosette form

A

Calcium phosphate

112
Q

Dumbell shaped with formation of gas

A

Calcium carbonate

113
Q

Staircase pattern

A

Cholesterol

114
Q

Colorless to yellow needles

A

Tyrosine

115
Q

Concentric circles & radial striations

A

Leucine

116
Q

clumped needles or granules with bright yellow color

A

Bilirubin

117
Q

“Arrow head” shaped

A

Sulfonamide

118
Q

Colorless needles

A

Ampicillin

Clinical Microscopy (1 decks)

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