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Cytology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What would you look for on low magnification (10x)?

A
  1. Crystals
  2. Casts
  3. Epithelial cells
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2
Q

What would you look for on high magnification (40x)?

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Crystals
  4. Bacteria
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3
Q

A normal urinalysis consists of less than ____ RBCs / 40x field.

A

5

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4
Q

A normal urinarlysis consists of less than ____ WBCs / 40x field.

A

5

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5
Q

True or False: RBC count will be higher in cystocentesis than free catch cystocentesis.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

True or False: WBC count will be higher in cystocentesis than free catch urinalysis.

A

FALSE: WBC higher in free catch urine.

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7
Q

Crystal formation in the urine is dependent on what 4 factors?

A
  1. pH
  2. Concentration
  3. Solutes
  4. Diet
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8
Q

What pH urine are struvite crystals found in?

A

Alkaline

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9
Q

What pH urine are calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals found in?

A

Acidic

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10
Q

Can struvite crystals be present in normal urine?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals be present in normal urine?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Which type of crystals are normal in horses and rabbits?

A

Calcium carbonate (if these are not present, THAT is pathogenic)

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13
Q

In what 2 conditions might you see bilirubin crystals?

A
  1. Hematuria

2. Bilirubinuria

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14
Q

When would you see calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals?

A

Ethylene glycol toxicosis

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15
Q

What is the chemical composition of “thorn apple” crystals?

A

Ammonium biurate

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16
Q

In which 2 species are ammonium biurate crystals normal?

A
  1. Dalmatians

2. Bulldogs

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17
Q

What 3 crystal types suggest liver failure certain breeds of dogs?

A
  1. Ammonium biurate
  2. Urate
  3. Tryosine
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18
Q

In which breeds would you expect to find cystine crystals?

A
  1. Rottweiler
  2. Dachshund
  3. Newfoundland
  4. Bulldog
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19
Q

Would you expect cystine crystals more in females or males?

A

Males

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20
Q

If you have a waxy cast, what is your concern?

A

End-stage renal failure

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21
Q

If you see leukocyte casts, what is your top differential?

A

Pyelonephritis

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22
Q

If you see erythrocyte casts, what is your top differential?

A

Coagulopathy

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23
Q

What type of drugs cause urinary crystals?

A
  1. Sulfa drugs
  2. Penicillins/beta lactams
  3. Fluoroquinolones
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24
Q

Which fungi is most commonly seen in the urinary bladder?

A

Candida

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25
Q

What is the kidney worm of the dog?

A

Dioctophyma

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26
Q

What is the kidney worm of the pig?

A

Stephanurus

27
Q

What is the urinary bladder worm of the dog and cat?

A

Capillaria

28
Q

Which of the following is sterile: cystocentesis, catheterization, free catch?

A
  1. Cystocentesis

2. Catheterization

29
Q

When would you want to collect urine to best assess concentrating ability?

A

Early morning

30
Q

When would you want to collect urine to best assess mineral excretion?

A

Postprandial (3-6 hours)

31
Q

When would you want to collect urine to best assess glucose excretion?

A

Postprandial (3-6 hours)

32
Q

When would you want to collect urine to best assess crystalluria?

A

Postprandial (3-6 hours)

33
Q

Red urine

A
  1. RBCs
  2. Free hemoglobin
  3. Free myoglobin
34
Q

Red/brown urine

A
  1. Rbcs
  2. Free hemoglobin
  3. Free myoglobin
  4. Horse = catecholamines
35
Q

Brown/black urine

A

Methemoglobin

36
Q

Yellow/orange urine

A

Bilirubin

37
Q

Yellow/green urine

A

Bilirubin and biliverdin

38
Q

Fluorescent

A
  1. Antifreeze

2. Porphyrins

39
Q

Urine is normally transparent, with the exception of which species?

A
  1. Horses

2. Rabbits

40
Q

Turbid urine is due to what?

A

Increased formed elements in the urine

41
Q

What are formed elements?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Lipid
  3. RBC
  4. WBC
  5. Epithelial cells
  6. Debris
  7. Crystals
42
Q

Smell of urine: Ammonia

A

Bacterial cystitis

43
Q

Smell of urine: Ketotic

A

Ketoacidosis

44
Q

Smell of urine: Uremic

A

Renal failure

45
Q

What 3 soluble elements artificially elevate USG?

A
  1. Glucosuria
  2. Hetastarch
  3. Proteinuria
46
Q

What is the isosthenuric range?

A

1.007 - 1.013

47
Q

What does isosthenuric urine suggest?

A

There is NO concentrating or diluting capacity

48
Q

What does hyposthenuric urine suggest?

A

There is still tubular function present

49
Q

What condition is commonly associated with hyposthenuria?

A

Diabetes insipidus

50
Q

What is the normal pH of a carnivore’s urine?

A

6 - 7

51
Q

What is the normal pH of a herbivore’s urine?

A

7.5 - 8.5

52
Q

Exposure of urine to air increases, decreases, or does nothing to the pH of the urine?

A

Increases

53
Q

What is the glucose reabsorption threshold in the dog, cat, horse, and cow?

A

Cat = 300

Dog = 200

Horse = 150

Cow = 100

54
Q

What 3 conditions cause hyperglycemic glucosuria?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Catecholamines
  3. Hypercortisolemia
55
Q

Would urine glucose be increased or decreased with proximal tubular damage?

A

Neither, euglycemic glucosuria

56
Q

Would urine glucose be increased or decreased with a congenital tubular defect like fanconi syndrome?

A

Neither, euglycemic glucosuria

57
Q

Which ketones are detected via urine dipstick?

A
  1. Acetone

2. Acetoacetate

58
Q

Which ketones are NOT detected via urine dipstick?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

59
Q

What does a ketonuria suggest?

A

Negative energy balance

60
Q

Which urine value is inaccurate when the urine is either pigmented or sits out too long in the light?

A

Bilirubin

61
Q

What does bilirubinuria suggest?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

62
Q

What does hemaglobinuria suggest?

A

Hemolysis

63
Q

What does myoglobinuria suggest?

A

Muscle damage

Cytology (1 decks)

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