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Surface Warfare Independent Duty Corpsman 2017 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Eight Preservatives

A 
Freezing
Toluene
Thymol
Chlorine
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen Chloride
Boric Acid
Preservative Tablets
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2
Q

Clinical reasons for performing urinalysis testing

A
  1. Important indicator of health
  2. Screening to detect and assess:
    - Renal function/disorder
    - Endocrine or Metabolic function/disorder
    - UTI
    - Systemic Diseases
  3. Cost effective in-vitro diagnostic test
  4. Non-invasive
  5. Simple to perform
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3
Q

Two Methods of Urine Collection

A

Non-instrumented

Instrumented

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4
Q

4 Non-instrumented methods of urine collection

A

First-morning void
Random urine
Clean catch
24-hr urine collection

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5
Q

3 Instrumented urine collection

A

Urethral

Suprapubic

Catheterization and bladder irrigation

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6
Q

Preferably urine specimens are tested fresh, within how many hours?

A

1-2 hours

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7
Q

Specimens need to be refrigerated, if not tested immediately, within how many hours?

A

3-6 hours

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8
Q

Urine decomposition (3 main themes)

A
  1. Decomposition due to bacteria.
  2. Urea splitting bacteria producing ammonia which binds with hydrogen to increase urine PH.
  3. Other changes:
    - increased PH will dissolve any casts present
    - if glucose is present, bacteria may use glucose for fuel and produce a false negative glycosuria
    - urinary elements like casts and blood will deteriorate
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9
Q

Chemical preservatives allow what?

A

Transport from home to lab

Transport across the country

Advantages and disadvantages for different types of preservatives

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10
Q

What must be done when preservatives are used?

A

Label the specimens as such

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11
Q

Freezing

A

Pro: For specimen transport
Con: May destroy formed elements

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12
Q

Toluene

A 
Pro:
- acetone
- diacetic acid
- and proteins
..by floating on top (airtight seal)

Con:

  • flammable
  • difficult to separate from specimen
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13
Q

Thymol

A

Pro: Inhibits bacteria and fungus

Con: False positive for protein

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14
Q

Chloroform

A

Pro: urine aldosterone levels

Con: settles to the bottom

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15
Q

Formaldehyde

A

Pro: urinary sediment/cells

Con: interferes with glucose elevation

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16
Q

Hydrogen Chloride

A

Pro: stabilizes steroids

Con:

  • hazardous liquid and fumes
  • formed elements are destroyed
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17
Q

Boric Acid

A

Pro: chemical and formed elements

Con: uric acid may precipitate

18
Q

Preservation Tablet

A

Pro:
- preserves for dipstick chem. analysis and sediment eval.

Con:
- unsuitable for sodium, potassium and hormone analysis

19
Q

First-morning void

A

Most concentrated

Increase number of abnormal elements

Decreased deterioration of formed elements

Desired specimen for chemical and micro exam

20
Q

Random urine

A

Collected anytime

Most convenient and common

Can detect abnormalities but not as sensitive as 1st morning void

21
Q

Clean Catch

A

Choice for bacterial cultures

-perform tests within 12hrs, as long as its refrigerated

22
Q

24-hr urine specimen

A

Gives quant results

Preservatives may be needed

23
Q

Urethral catheterization

A
  • not recommended for bacteriologic exams
  • use if no other way possible
  • obese PTs with difficult sample collection
24
Q

Suprapubic needle aspiration

A
  • choice for infants and young children

- used to confirm (+) culture and before start of therapy

25
Q

Catheterization and bladder irrigation

A
  • 50-72mL saline
  • cytologic study
  • optimum bladder epithelium
26
Q

Sample Analysis

A

Physical

Chemical

Microscopic

27
Q

4 parts of Physical analysis

A

Volume

Color

Turbidity

Odor

28
Q

Volume for 24 hr period

A

600-2000mL

Average of 1500ml

29
Q

Color

A
  • depends on Urochrome concentration

- normal is Yellow to Dark amber

30
Q

Blue green urine

A

Methylene blue

31
Q

Dark orange urine

A

Pyridium (used for UTI infection)

32
Q

Milky white urine

A

Caused by chyle

33
Q

Olive green to brown black urine

A

Phenols (poison used in anti-microbials)

34
Q

Yellow to brown urine

A

Bile

35
Q

Red or red-brown urine

A

Blood

36
Q

Normal urine turbidity is?

A

Clear

37
Q

Cause of turbid alkaline urine

A

Amorphous phosphate

Amorphous carbonate

38
Q

Cause of Acidic urine

A

Amorphous urates

*pinkish turbidity indicates urates

39
Q

Pathology that may cause acidic urine

A

Respiratory or metabolic acidosis

UTI by E. Coli

Uremia

Severe diarrhea

Starvation

40
Q

Pathologies that cause alkaline urine

A

UTI by proteus and pseudomonas

Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis

Surface Warfare Independent Duty Corpsman 2017 (1 decks)

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