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Visceral Disorders > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of cardiac output perfuses to the kidneys every minute?

A

25%

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2
Q

What percent of cardiac output perfuses to the kidneys every minute?

A

25%

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3
Q

What hormones are produced at the kidneys

A

EPO, Renin

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4
Q

Properties of urine can be categorized how?

A

Physical, Chemical, Microscopic

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5
Q

What % of urine is H2O?

A

95%

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6
Q

How much dissolved material is typically found in 24hrs of urine?

A

60g

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7
Q

Urine contains what compounds/elements?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Creatinine, Uric Acid, NH3, Urea

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8
Q

> 2000ml urine

A

Polyuria

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9
Q
A

Oligouria

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10
Q

Absence of urine production

A

Anuria

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11
Q

Potential causes of polyuria

A

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Increased fluid intake, diuretic

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12
Q

Potential causes of oligouria

A

Renal tube dysfunction, end stage renal disease, edema, dehydration

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13
Q

Potential causes of anuria

A

Renal failure, Obstruction, Myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Increased H2O intake is termed?

A

Polydipsia

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15
Q

Urine specimen collection is most accurate at what time?

A

In the morning

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16
Q

What part of the stream is most concentrated?

A

Mid-stream

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17
Q

How long does urine break down at room temperature? refrigerated?

A

30 minutes

4 hours

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18
Q

What type of urine sample is most common?

A

Random

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19
Q

With preservative, how long can urine last?

A

24 hours

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20
Q

What changes in urine quality when it breaks down?

A 
It darkens
Turbidity increases
Odor increases
pH increases
glucose, ketones, nitritesm and urobilinogen decrease
RBCs lyse WBC disintegrate
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21
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

Straw to amber

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22
Q

A red/dark brown color to urine suggests what?

A

Increased RBC hemoglobin, myoglobin in urine

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23
Q

A smokey red/pink urine suggests that it contains what?

A

blood

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24
Q

What vegetable can change color of urine?

A

Beets

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25
Q

Dark yellow urine suggests presence of what?

A

Bilirubin/Urobilinogen

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26
Q

A milky color of urine is due to what?

A

presence of lipids

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27
Q

If urine is turbid without crystal formation what might you suspect?

A

UTI

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28
Q

The normal specific gravity of urine is what?

A

10.15-10.35

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29
Q

The normal specific gravity of urine is what?

A

10.15-10.35

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30
Q

What hormones are produced at the kidneys

A

EPO, Renin

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31
Q

Properties of urine can be categorized how?

A

Physical, Chemical, Microscopic

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32
Q

What % of urine is H2O?

A

95%

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33
Q

How much dissolved material is typically found in 24hrs of urine?

A

60g

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34
Q

Urine contains what compounds/elements?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Creatinine, Uric Acid, NH3, Urea

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35
Q

> 2000ml urine

A

Polyuria

36
Q

A feculent smell of urine indicates what?

A

Fistula… alternatively, asparagus consumption

37
Q

Absence of urine production

A

Anuria

38
Q

Potential causes of polyuria

A

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Increased fluid intake, diuretic

39
Q

Potential causes of oligouria

A

Renal tube dysfunction, end stage renal disease, edema, dehydration

40
Q

Potential causes of anuria

A

Renal failure, Obstruction, Myocardial infarction

41
Q

Increased H2O intake is termed?

A

Polydipsia

42
Q

Urine specimen collection is most accurate at what time?

A

In the morning

43
Q

What part of the stream is most concentrated?

A

Mid-stream

44
Q

How long does urine break down at room temperature? refrigerated?

A

30 minutes

4 hours

45
Q

What type of urine sample is most common?

A

Random

46
Q

With preservative, how long can urine last?

A

24 hours

47
Q

What changes in urine quality when it breaks down?

A 
It darkens
Turbidity increases
Odor increases
pH increases
glucose, ketones, nitritesm and urobilinogen decrease
RBCs lyse WBC disintegrate
48
Q

What test would be the appropriate follow up for presence of bence jones proteins?

A

Protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine

49
Q

A red/dark brown color to urine suggests what?

A

Increased RBC hemoglobin, myoglobin in urine

50
Q

A smokey red/pink urine suggests that it contains what?

A

blood

51
Q

What vegetable can change color of urine?

A

Beets

52
Q

Dark yellow urine suggests presence of what?

A

Bilirubin/Urobilinogen

53
Q

A milky color of urine is due to what?

A

presence of lipids

54
Q

If urine is turbid without crystal formation what might you suspect?

A

UTI

55
Q

If urine is frothy, what might you suspect?

A

Proteinuria

56
Q

The normal specific gravity of urine is what?

A

10.15-10.35

57
Q

Specific gravity reflects what function of the kidneys?

A

The ability to concentrate

58
Q

What is isosthenuria?

A

Fixation of a 1.010 specific gravity in urine

59
Q

What does isosthenuria indicate?

A

Kidney failure

60
Q

Elevated specific gravity of urine may be due to what?

A

Proteinuria, glycosuria, dehydration, decreased renal blood flow

61
Q

Decreased specific gravity of urine may be due to what?

A

Overhydration, glomerulonephritis, pylonephritis, diabetes insipidus, renal failure

62
Q

A foul/fishy odor of urine indicates what?

A

UTI

63
Q

A fruity odor of urine indicates what?

A

Diabetes mellitus or Ketosis

64
Q

A feculent smell of urine indicates what?

A

Fistula… alternatively, asparagus consumption

65
Q

The acidity of urine may be altered during dysfunction of what?

A

kidneys or lung

66
Q

Animal products and/or cranberry due what to the pH of urine?

A

Decrease it

67
Q

Vegetables/citrus fruit do what to the pH of urine?

A

Increase it

68
Q

Protein test for urine is sensitive to what?

A

Albumin

69
Q

How is albumin content reported?

A

negative, trace, +1, +2, +3, +4

70
Q

What structure typically prevents protein from entering the urine?

A

Glomerulus

71
Q

What does proteinuria primarily indicate?

A

Renal disease

72
Q

What can confirm a finding of albumin in the urine?

A

SSA test

73
Q

What may also cause proteinuria?

A

strenuous exercis

74
Q

Presence of bence jones proteins in urine suggest what?

A

Multiple myeloma

75
Q

Multiple myeloma is classified as a disease of what?

A

Immunoglobulin light chain monoclonal disease

76
Q

What test would be the appropriate follow up for presence of bence jones proteins?

A

Protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine

77
Q

Glucose threshold for reabsorption is what?

A

140-180

78
Q

Presence of ketones in the urine suggest metabolism of what?

A

Fat

79
Q

What may cause ketones to be present in urine?

A

Fasting/starvation, low carb diet, fat as an energy source (DM)

80
Q

Bilirubin is a byproduct of what?

A

Senescent RBC heme breakdown

81
Q

What structure is bilirubin conjugated in?

A

The liver

82
Q

Urobolinogen forms when conjugated bilirubin is processed by what?

A

Bacterial proteases in the gut

83
Q

What is the normal value of urobilinogen in urine?

A

0.1-1.0mg/dl

84
Q

Elevated urobilinogen and positive biliruben suggest what?

A

Liver disease

85
Q

Positive bilirubin and absent urobilinogen suggest what?

A

An obstruction

86
Q

Negative bilirubin and elevated urobilinogen suggests what?

A

Upper GI or Hemolytic disease

Visceral Disorders (1 decks)

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