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Clin Lab Med > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

0
Q

What is an abnormal color for urine?

A

Dark brown or black

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1
Q

Describe the normal color of urine

A

pale straw to dark amber

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2
Q

What is the normal PH for urine?

A

4.5-8

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3
Q

What is an acidic PH for urine?

A

4.5-5.5

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4
Q

What is a basic PH for urine?

A

6.5-8

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5
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

A

1.003-1.035

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6
Q

What does specific gravity reflect?

A

The ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine

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7
Q

What is isothenuria?

A

When there is kidney disease and the ability to concentrate urine is lost, and SG may be fixed at 1.01

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8
Q

What is the normal volume of urine per 24 hrs?

A

500-2000cc

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9
Q

what is oliguria?

A

<500cc urine/24hr

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10
Q

what is anuria?

A

<100cc urine/ml

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11
Q

what is polyuria?

A

excessive amounts of urine, w/ SG 1-1.002

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12
Q

what is the range for glucose plasma to spill over into the urine?

A

150-180 cc

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13
Q

what can cause false negatives for glucose in the urine?

A

ascorbic acid (vit c), and aspirin

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14
Q

What are ketones products of?

A

Incomplete fat metabolism

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15
Q

What is the normal amount of protein in the urine?

A

<150 mg

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16
Q

What is the make up of urine protein?

A

30% albumin, 30% globulin, 40% Tam-horsfall

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17
Q

What will a high SG reflect in protein levels

A

high protein

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18
Q

What can give false positives for high urine protein

A

high alkaline, hematuria, high SG, pyridium

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19
Q

what is microalbuminuria an early sign of

A

diabetic nephropathy

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20
Q

what is the lowest level of albumin a dipstick can detect

A

300 mg

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21
Q

what is the best strategy for albumin level testing

A

10-24 hr urine collections

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22
Q

what is the next best albumin level detection method

A

albumin/creatinine ratio

23
Q

what is the normal albumin level

A

<30mg

24
Q

what is the microalbumnuria range

A

30-300mg

25
Q

what is proteinuria the first sign of?

A

kidney disease, endothelial dysfunction

26
Q

what are the therapies for proteinuria

A

ACE inhibitors, d/c BP, decrease protein intake

27
Q

what is the range of RBC that the dipstick is sensitive to

A

5-10RBC

28
Q

How many RBC is abnormal

A

> 3

29
Q

what does bacteria do in the urine

A

reduces nitrate to nitrite

30
Q

what is a normal test result for nitrite

A

negative

31
Q

what can cause false negative for nitrite

A

urine in the bladder <4 hrs, diet deficient in nitrate, bacteria lacking enzymes

32
Q

what is the sensitivity for UTI on nitrite test

A

50%

33
Q

what does leukocyte esterase detect

A

5-15 WBC and lyses WBC

34
Q

what can cause a false positive for leukocyte esterase

A

vaginal contamination and trichomonads

35
Q

what is the leukocyte esterase sensitivity for UTI

A

80-90%

36
Q

in what disease is bilirubin and urobilinogen excreted in the urine

A

liver disease

37
Q

what does bilirubin do to urine color

A

turn it brown

38
Q

what are RBC/WBC reported in

A

high power field

39
Q

what are casts reported in

A

low power field

40
Q

what do RBC look like in urine

A

refractile disk, shrunken

41
Q

what range of WBC is normal

A

0-5

42
Q

10-20 WBC means what?

A

suspicious of UTI

43
Q

what does >20 WBC mean

A

UTI

44
Q

what test can you do w/ or after UA?

A

c/s, order reflex to avoid unnecessary costs

45
Q

what are oval fat bodies

A

degenerated tubular cells,

46
Q

what do squamous epithelial cells indicate

A

contaminated specimen, skin /external urethral origin

47
Q

where are urine casts formed

A

distal convoluted tubule only

48
Q

what are hyaline casts.

A

benign, composed of mucoprotein (tamm-horsfall)

49
Q

what do RBC cast indicate

A

glomerular nephritis

50
Q

what do WBC cast indicate

A

pyelonephritis

51
Q

what do tubular cell cast indicate

A

injury to tubular epithelium

52
Q

granular casts derive from what

A

renal tubular cell casts

53
Q

waxy coats are products of what

A

renal tubular cell cast

54
Q

what do waxy coats look like

A

sharp edges and cracks, broad cast from damage dilated tubules

55
Q

what shapre are triple phosphate crystals

A

rectangles

56
Q

what shape are cystine crystals

A

octagons

Clin Lab Med (6 decks)

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