Urinalysis Flashcards
What is the normal color of urine
pale to dark yellow, amber
What is the normal specific gravity of urine
1.010 - 1.020
Normal urine ph
6 - 7.4
Normal trace about of protein in urine
<150mg/day
Normal glucose in urine a day is
trace to <130mg/24hr
Leukocyte esterase is positive in what
Infections
Presence of nitrites in urine shows
positive shows presence of bacte- ria
Presence of bilirubin in urine shows ?
present in liver diseases or com- mon bile duct obstruction
Normal RBC hpf (high power field is ?
<2/hpf
WBC hpf normal value is
2-5 hpf
Hyaline cast normal hpf
0-5hpf
Crystals are seen in urine when?
Occasional
Urinary ph is helpful in diagnosing what?
pH levels are particularly useful in the evaluation of stones, infection, and renal tubular acidosis (RTA). For example, in a patient with neph- rolithiasis,
Specific gravity is associated with what?
specific gravity is reflective of hydration status; however, it can be inaccurate.
Low specific gravity is associated with what diseases
*impaired urinary concentrating ability (eg, diabetes insipidus, sickle cell nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis)
Glucose in urine mean’s what
When blood glucose levels exceed approximately 180 mg/dL, the prox- imal tubules become overwhelmed and cannot reabsorb the excess glucose.Most commonly, this indicates diabetes mellitus .
Ketone in urine indicates
Ketones in the urine are abnormal.
Ketouria can be seen in what conditions
*uncontrolled diabetes,
*diabetic ketoacidosis,
*severe exercise,
*starvation,
*vomiting, and pregnancy.
A positive leukocyte esterase test result indicates
Pyuria (pus in urine)indicates a UTI
Race proteinuria is approximately 1+
1+ - Approximately 30 mg/dL
Race protein 2+ is
2+ - Approximately 100 mg/dL
Race protein 3+
3+ - Approximately 300 mg/dL
Race protein 4 +
4+ - 1000 mg/dL or more
Higher WBC hpf indicates
A high number of WBCs indicates infection, inflammation, or contamination
Higher RBc hpf indicates
Microscopic hematuria which is defined as the presence of 3 RBCs/hpf or more in 2 of 3 urine samples
Epithelial cells that maybe be found in urinary sediments is what normal value
Generally 15-20 squamous epithelial cells/hpf or more indicates that the urinary specimen is contaminated
Red cell cast are diagnostic of what
diagnostic of glomerulonephritis or vasculitis
White cell casts and pyuria is usually seen in what pathology
commonly seen with tubulointer- stitial nephritis and acute pyelo- nephritis. WBC casts are also seen with renal tuberculosis and vaginal infections
“Muddy-brown” granular casts is seen in
diagnostic of acute tubular necro- sis.
Waxy and broad casts is seen in
Seen advanced renal failure.
Fatty casts and lipiduria, with the typical “maltese- cross” appear- ance on polarized microscopy indicates
nephrotic syndrome
Large amounts of uric acid crys- tals (“diamond” or
“barrel” shaped) indicate
seen in tumor lysis syndrome.
