Urinalysis

Question 1

What are the 3 ways to catch urine?

Answer 1

1. Free catch (voided)
2. Cystocentesis
3. Urinary Catheterization

Question 2

What may a free catch/voided urine sample contain? When can this method not be used?

Answer 2

May include contaminants from the genitalia as the sample passes out of the body

Samples not useful for culture

Question 3

What may a urine sample contain when collected via cystocentesis? How is this preformed? When is it indicated?

Answer 3

Collection: Insertion of a needle into the bladder for sterile collection

Samples may contain a
small amount of iatrogenic blood when obtained in this manner

This is the preferred method for urine culture

Question 4

What is needed to perform a urinary catheterization for urine collection?

Answer 4

Sterile gloves, sterile u-cath, and the prepuce/penis or vulva is cleansed prior to sample collection.
Easier in male dogs, difficult in females without sedation, rarely performed in female dogs

Question 5

What does the brightness of the urine color say about the urine?

Answer 5

• Normal urine is yellow
• Whether the urine is dark or light yellow is often a reflection of sample concentration or whether it contains pigment such as bilirubin

Question 6

What pigment does bilirubin give to urine?

Answer 6

Bright yellow appearance

Question 7

What is a normal urine transparency in:
- Dogs/cat
- Large animal

Answer 7

• Dog/cat: clear
• Large animal: turbid or cloudy

Question 8

What can normal urine smell like?

Answer 8

Ammonia

Question 9

How can Ketoacidosis affect the smell of urine?

Answer 9

Acetone

Question 10

How can bacteria affect the smell of urine?

Answer 10

Foul odor

Question 11

What are some factors that can affect urine odor?

Answer 11

Ketoacidosis, bacteria, medication

Question 12

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Dogs

Answer 12

12-30mL

Question 13

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Cats

Answer 13

5-9mL

Question 14

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Bovine

Answer 14

8-20mL

Question 15

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Equine

Answer 15

2-8mL

Question 16

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Swine

Answer 16

2-14mL

Question 17

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Sheep/Goats

Answer 17

4.5-18mL

Question 18

What is a USG? What does it measure? When is best to preform? What is the normal range

Answer 18

Urine Specific Gravity evaluates the concentration of urine and reflects osmolality. Best to use first urine of the day for most accurate results

Normal range: 1.025-1.050

Question 19

What could cause a decreased USG?

Answer 19

The kidneys’ inability to concentrate the sample (renal failure) or by increased drinking due to other reasons (diabetes
mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hot weather, etc.).

Question 20

What could cause an increased USG? Greater than what

Answer 20

<1.050

• Most often a result of
  dehydration

Question 21

What is Isosthenuria

Answer 21

is a low concentration (SpG 1.008-1.012)

Question 22

What is Hyposthenuria

Answer 22

Inability to concentrate (SpG <1.008)

Question 23

What does a Reagent strip test for? Another name for it?

Answer 23

AKA Dipstick. Tests for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, nitrate, and leukocytes.

Question 24

What does pH test for on a reagent strip

Answer 24

Acidity

Question 25

What does a urine pH less than 7 mean

Answer 25

Acidic

Question 26

What does a urine pH greater than 7 mean

Answer 26

alkaline

Question 27

What effect can leaving a urine sample out for an extended period of time have on the pH results?

Answer 27

Increased pH level (alkaline)

Question 28

What is the urine pH level often related to?

Answer 28

Diet, medications, or time of collection

Question 29

Reagent strip results a positive protein level, what can that indicate? How can you confirm it?

Answer 29

Urinary tract infection or contaminants are present (cells, bacteria). Confirmed by sulfosalicylic acid test

Question 30

What is the renal threshold of glucose in dogs? What does it indicate when exceeded?

Answer 30

170mg/dl - exceeding this indicates Glucosuria

Question 31

What is the most common cause of glucosuria?

Answer 31

Diabetes

Question 32

What can cause renal glucosuria?

Answer 32

decreased absorption of glucose in the renal tubule due to kidney disease

Question 33

What is ketonuria

Answer 33

increased catabolism of fatty acids

Question 34

What is a cause of ketonuria in cattle and small ruminants?

Answer 34

Pregnancy Toxemia: energy requirement for milk production exceeds energy intake and body fat is metabolized, causing ketone production

Question 35

What are some causes of ketone production? (5)

Answer 35

1. Diabetes: lack of insulin leads to inappropriate metabolism of carbs; fat is broken down and ketones are produced 2. Starvation 3. Prolonged hypoglycemia 4. Low carb diet 5. Long-standing fever

Question 36

In what species can bilirubin be normally found in urine?

Answer 36

Cattle and Canines

Question 37

In what species is bilirubin never normally found in urine? What does is suggest? How is it confirmed?

Answer 37

Cats, pig, sheep, or horses. Can suggest biliary obstruction or hemolytic anemia. Confirmed with a lctotest

Question 38

What is hemolytic anemia?

Answer 38

liver cannot excrete the excess bilirubin which is released from the lysed erthroycytes

Question 39

What 3 RBCs does a reagent strip react to? What does each suggest?

Answer 39

1. Erythrocytes: bleeding from urinary or genital tract 2. Hemoglobin: intravascular hemolysis 3. Myoglobin: muscle damage

Question 40

What does a positive reaction to Nitrate suggest on a reagent strip?

Answer 40

Bacteriuria

Question 41

What does a negative reaction to Nitrate suggest on a reagent strip?

Answer 41

Doesn't rule out the presence of bacteria

Question 42

What does the presence of leukocytes suggest on a reagent strip? In what species is it most and least reliable? How to confirm?

Answer 42

Suggests urinary tract infection or urogenital tract inflammation. More reliable in dogs, false positives common in cats. Confirm WBC presence through sediment exam

Question 43

What are the 6 possible findings in urine sediment?

Answer 43

1. Cells 2. Crystals 3. Casts 4. Bacteria 5. Sperm 6. Fat Droplets

Question 44

What are the 3 types of urinary casts?

Answer 44

Hyaline, granular, and cellular

Question 45

What are the 5 main types of urinary crystals?

Answer 45

Calcium oxalate, struvite, urate, bilirubin, cystine

Question 46

What type of crystal to animals with ethylene glycol toxicity often have?

Answer 46

calcium oxalate