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Laboratory > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways to catch urine?

A
  1. Free catch (voided)
  2. Cystocentesis
  3. Urinary Catheterization
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2
Q

What may a free catch/voided urine sample contain? When can this method not be used?

A

May include contaminants from the genitalia as the sample passes out of the body

Samples not useful for culture

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3
Q

What may a urine sample contain when collected via cystocentesis? How is this preformed? When is it indicated?

A

Collection: Insertion of a needle into the bladder for sterile collection

Samples may contain a
small amount of iatrogenic blood when obtained in this manner

This is the preferred method for urine culture

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4
Q

What is needed to perform a urinary catheterization for urine collection?

A

Sterile gloves, sterile u-cath, and the prepuce/penis or vulva is cleansed prior to sample collection.
Easier in male dogs, difficult in females without sedation, rarely performed in female dogs

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5
Q

What does the brightness of the urine color say about the urine?

A
  • Normal urine is yellow
  • Whether the urine is dark or light yellow is often a reflection of sample concentration or whether it contains pigment such as bilirubin
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6
Q

What pigment does bilirubin give to urine?

A

Bright yellow appearance

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7
Q

What is a normal urine transparency in:
- Dogs/cat
- Large animal

A
  • Dog/cat: clear
  • Large animal: turbid or cloudy
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8
Q

What can normal urine smell like?

A

Ammonia

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9
Q

How can Ketoacidosis affect the smell of urine?

A

Acetone

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10
Q

How can bacteria affect the smell of urine?

A

Foul odor

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11
Q

What are some factors that can affect urine odor?

A

Ketoacidosis, bacteria, medication

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12
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Dogs

A

12-30mL

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13
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Cats

A

5-9mL

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14
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Bovine

A

8-20mL

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15
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Equine

A

2-8mL

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16
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Swine

A

2-14mL

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17
Q

What is the normal urine production (mL per pound) in Sheep/Goats

A

4.5-18mL

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18
Q

What is a USG? What does it measure? When is best to preform? What is the normal range

A

Urine Specific Gravity evaluates the concentration of urine and reflects osmolality. Best to use first urine of the day for most accurate results

Normal range: 1.025-1.050

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19
Q

What could cause a decreased USG?

A

The kidneys’ inability to concentrate the sample (renal failure) or by increased drinking due to other reasons (diabetes
mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hot weather, etc.).

20
Q

What could cause an increased USG? Greater than what

A

<1.050

  • Most often a result of
    dehydration
21
Q

What is Isosthenuria

A

is a low concentration (SpG 1.008-1.012)

22
Q

What is Hyposthenuria

A

Inability to concentrate (SpG <1.008)

23
Q

What does a Reagent strip test for? Another name for it?

A

AKA Dipstick. Tests for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, blood, nitrate, and leukocytes.

24
Q

What does pH test for on a reagent strip

A

Acidity

25
Q

What does a urine pH less than 7 mean

A

Acidic

26
Q

What does a urine pH greater than 7 mean

A

alkaline

27
Q

What effect can leaving a urine sample out for an extended period of time have on the pH results?

A

Increased pH level (alkaline)

28
Q

What is the urine pH level often related to?

A

Diet, medications, or time of collection

29
Q

Reagent strip results a positive protein level, what can that indicate? How can you confirm it?

A

Urinary tract infection or contaminants are present (cells, bacteria). Confirmed by sulfosalicylic acid test

30
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose in dogs? What does it indicate when exceeded?

A

170mg/dl - exceeding this indicates Glucosuria

31
Q

What is the most common cause of glucosuria?

A

Diabetes

32
Q

What can cause renal glucosuria?

A

decreased absorption of glucose in the renal tubule due to kidney disease

33
Q

What is ketonuria

A

increased catabolism of fatty acids

34
Q

What is a cause of ketonuria in cattle and small ruminants?

A

Pregnancy Toxemia: energy requirement for milk production exceeds energy intake and body fat is metabolized, causing ketone production

35
Q

What are some causes of ketone production? (5)

A
  1. Diabetes: lack of insulin leads to inappropriate metabolism of carbs; fat is broken down and ketones are produced
  2. Starvation
  3. Prolonged hypoglycemia
  4. Low carb diet
  5. Long-standing fever
36
Q

In what species can bilirubin be normally found in urine?

A

Cattle and Canines

37
Q

In what species is bilirubin never normally found in urine? What does is suggest? How is it confirmed?

A

Cats, pig, sheep, or horses. Can suggest biliary obstruction or hemolytic anemia. Confirmed with a lctotest

38
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

liver cannot excrete the excess bilirubin which is released from the lysed erthroycytes

39
Q

What 3 RBCs does a reagent strip react to? What does each suggest?

A
  1. Erythrocytes: bleeding from urinary or genital tract
  2. Hemoglobin: intravascular hemolysis
  3. Myoglobin: muscle damage
40
Q

What does a positive reaction to Nitrate suggest on a reagent strip?

A

Bacteriuria

41
Q

What does a negative reaction to Nitrate suggest on a reagent strip?

A

Doesn’t rule out the presence of bacteria

42
Q

What does the presence of leukocytes suggest on a reagent strip? In what species is it most and least reliable? How to confirm?

A

Suggests urinary tract infection or urogenital tract inflammation. More reliable in dogs, false positives common in cats. Confirm WBC presence through sediment exam

43
Q

What are the 6 possible findings in urine sediment?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Crystals
  3. Casts
  4. Bacteria
  5. Sperm
  6. Fat Droplets
44
Q

What are the 3 types of urinary casts?

A

Hyaline, granular, and cellular

45
Q

What are the 5 main types of urinary crystals?

A

Calcium oxalate, struvite, urate, bilirubin, cystine

46
Q

What type of crystal to animals with ethylene glycol toxicity often have?

A

calcium oxalate

Laboratory (7 decks)

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