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Clinical Microscopy > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

-Ideal for routine UA and pregnancy test
Most
-Most acidic concentrated, well preserved cells and casts
-Evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria

A

First morning Urine

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2
Q

-For routine and qualitative UA
- Obtained anytime of the day
-Usually requested for employment purposes

A

Random Urine

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3
Q

A urine specimen for quantitative, intended for certain test

A

Timed specimen

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4
Q

Urine sample for screening and monitoring of DM patients

A

2-hour postprandial specimen

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5
Q

How is urine collected in a 2-hour postprandial urine specimen

A

The patient is instructed to vod shortly before consuming a routine meal and to collect a specimen 2 hours after eating.

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6
Q

Urine specimen for the quantitative exam of urinary sediment; for Addiss count

A

12-hour urine

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7
Q

What time is afternoon urine collected?

A

2-4pm

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8
Q

Urine specimen best for determination of bilirubin and urobilinogen

A

Afternoon urine

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9
Q

-A second voided urine after a period of fasting
-Recommended for glucose determination

A

Fasting Second Morning

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10
Q

Collected using a catheter

A

Catheterized

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11
Q

Recommended for bacterial culture and cytology

A

Catheterized sample

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12
Q

Most sterile; also recommended for bacterial culture and cytology

A

Subrapubic aspirated urine sample

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13
Q

Recommended for determination of prostatic infection

A

Three-glass collected urine specimen

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14
Q

What comprises the three-glass urine specimen

A

-First portion of voided urine
-Middle portion of voided urine
-Urine after prostatic massage

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15
Q

Sample used for routine screening and bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch specimen

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16
Q

What is the required volume for drug test sample?

A

30-45 mL

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17
Q

Urine temperature in drug test sample must be measured within?

A

4 minutes

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18
Q

How to preserve a urine specimen for bacte studies

A

Should not be preserved

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19
Q

[Unpreserved urine] color

A

darkens due to oxidation or reduction or metabolites

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20
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Clarity

A

Decreased due to bacterial growth and ppt of amorphous material

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21
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Odor

A

Increased due to bacterial multiplication or breakdown of urea to ammonia

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22
Q

[Unpreserved urine] pH

A

Increased due to breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2

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23
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Glucose

A

Decreased due to glycolysis and bacterial use

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24
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Ketones

A

Decreased due to volatilization and bacterial metabolism

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25
Q

[Unpreserved urine] bilirubin

A

Decreased due to Exposure to light/photo oxidation of biliverdin

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26
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Urobilinogen

A

Decreased due to oxidation to urobilin

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27
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Nitrite

A

Increased due to multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

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28
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Red and white blood cells and casts

A

Decreased due to disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

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29
Q

[Unpreserved urine] Bacteria

A

Increased due to multiplication

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30
Q

[Preservative] Best for protein testing and barbiturates and drug screening

A

refrigeration

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31
Q

[Preservative] Preserves glucose and sediments well but interferes with acid ppt tests for protein

A

Thymol

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32
Q

[Preservative] Preserves protein, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, and formed elements but may precipitate crystals when used in large numbers

A

Boric acid

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33
Q

[Preservative] An excellent sediment preservative. Interferes with glucose, blood, leukocyte esterase and copper reduction tests

A

Formalin

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34
Q

[Preservative] does not interfere with routine tests. Floats on surface of specimens and clings to pipettes and testing material

A

Toluene

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35
Q

Normal volume of CSF

A

Neonates: 10-60 mL
Adults: 90-150 mL

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36
Q

Site for CSF puncture

A

Neonates: intervertebral space b/w 4th and 5th lumbar vertebra
Adults: intervertebral space b/w 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra

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37
Q

Tube 1 in CSF

A

Microbiology and Serology

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38
Q

Tube 2 in CSF

A

Microbiology

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39
Q

Tube 3 in CSF

A

hematology

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40
Q

Storage for CSF tube 1

A

Frozen

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41
Q

Storage for CSF Tube 2

A

Room

42
Q

Storage for CSF Tube 3

A

Refrigerated

43
Q

Normal volume for semenalysis sample

A

2-5 mL

44
Q

Abstinence period prior to collection

A

at least 2 days not more than 7 days

45
Q

Storage for semenalysis sample

A

Room temp if collection is outside the lab, must be delivered within an hour
Kept at 37C if specimen is awaiting analysis

46
Q

Synovial fluid normal volume

A

<3.5 mL

47
Q

Synovial fluid NV when there is inflammation

A

> 20 mL

48
Q

Tube for Synovial fluid hematology test

A

Heparin or EDTA

49
Q

Synovial fluid for microbio tests

A

sterile

50
Q

Synovial fluid for glucose analysis

A

Sodium fluoride

51
Q

Synovial fluid for All other tests

A

non-coagulated

52
Q

Pleural fluid collection

A

thorancentesis

53
Q

Pericardial fluid collection

A

pericardiocentesis

54
Q

Peritoneal/Ascitic fluid collection

A

paracentesis

55
Q

Proper storage for pH determination

A

maintained anaerobically on ice

56
Q

Serous fluid for Hema test

A

EDTA

57
Q

Serous fluid for Microbio and cytology test

A

Sterile heparinized or SPS

58
Q

Serous fluid for Chemistry test

A

Heparin or plain

59
Q

Amniotic fluid volume collected

A

max 30 mL

60
Q

Amniotic fluid method of collection

A

amniocentesis

61
Q

When is it safe to collect amniotic fluid?

A

After 14th week of gestation

62
Q

What are the Triple Marker Screening Test

A

AFP
hCG
Unconjugated estriol

63
Q

Specimen handling for Fetal Lung Maturity Test

A

Kept on ice during delivery
Kept refrigerated

64
Q

Bilirubin tests

A

Immediately protected from light

65
Q

Cytogenetic and microbiological studies

A

Processed aseptically, kept at RT or body temperature

66
Q

STAT for CM

A

1 hour

67
Q

Preservative of choice for routine urine culture

A

Refrigeration

68
Q

Normal urine output in 24 hrs

A

600-2000 mL

69
Q

Night urine output

A

<400 mL

70
Q

Required urine volume analysis specimen

A

10mL-15mL

71
Q

Enumerate the colors of urine

A

Clear, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, amber, red, green, brown to black

72
Q

Enumerate transparency of urine

A

Clear, Hazy, Cloudy, Turbid, Milky

73
Q

Principle of Glucose in Reagent strip test

A

double sequential enzyme reaction
Positive color: green/blue to brown

74
Q

Principle of bilirubin in Reagent strip test

A

diazo reaction
Postivie color: Tan or pink to violet

75
Q

Principle of ketones in Reagent strip test

A

Sodium nitroprusside rxn (Legal’s test)
Positive color: Purple

76
Q

Principle of SG in Reagent strip test

A

pKa change of a polyelectrolyte
Positive color: blue to yellow

77
Q

Principle of Protein in Reagent strip test

A

Protein (Sorensen’s) error of indicators
Pos color: blue

78
Q

Principle of pH in Reagent strip test

A

Double indicator system
Pos color: Orange to blue

79
Q

Principle of Blood in Reagent strip test

A

Pseudoperoxidase activity of haemoglobin
Pos color: Uniform green/blue (Hgb/Mb)
Speckled/spotted (intact RBCs)

80
Q

Principle of Urobilinogen in Reagent strip test

A

Ehrlich reaction
Pos color: Red/pink

81
Q

Principle of Nitrite in Reagent strip test

A

Greiss reaction
Pos color: uniform pink

82
Q

Principle of Leukocyte in Reagent strip test

A

Leukocyte esterase
Pos color: purple

83
Q

Reporting of Squamous, transitional ep cells, Mucus threads, and crystals

A

LPO (plus system/rare,few, many)

84
Q

Reporting of bacteria and yeast

A

HPO (plus system/rare, few, many)

85
Q

Reporting of renal tubular epi cells and casts

A

LPO (ave # per field)

86
Q

Reporting of WBC and RBC

A

HPO (ave # per field)

87
Q

Uric acid

A

Acid, Normal

88
Q

Amorphous urtes

A

Acid, Normal

89
Q

Calcium oxalate

A

acid/neutral, normal

90
Q

Amorphous phosphates

A

alkaline, normal

91
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

alkaline, normal

92
Q

Triple phosphate

A

alkaline, normal

93
Q

Ammonium biurate

A

Alkaline, normal

94
Q

Calcium carbonate

A

alkaline, normal

95
Q

Cystine

A

Acid, abnormal

96
Q

Cholesterol

A

acid, abnormal

97
Q

Leucine

A

acid/neutral, abnormal

98
Q

Tyrosine

A

Acid/neutral, abnormal

99
Q

Bilirubin

A

acid, abnormal

100
Q

Sulfonamides

A

acid/neutral, abnormal

101
Q

Radiographic dye

A

acid, abnormal

102
Q

Ampicillin

A

acid/neutral, abnormal

Clinical Microscopy (1 decks)

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