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Clinical Pathology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Isothenuria specific gravity range

A

1.008 - 1.012

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2
Q

Isosthenuria indicates…

A
  • > 70% nephrons are non-functional
  • severe kidney disease
  • end stage kidney disease/failure
  • inability of kidney to concentrate/dilute urine
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3
Q

Amorphous crystals

A
  • crystals with no defining shape
  • little clinical significance
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4
Q

Is cloudy urine normal in horse?

A

Yes, because horse tends to absorb excessive calcium from intestine and eliminate it via urine, giving the urine a cloudy appearance.

Mucus also adds to the cloudiness.

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5
Q

Urine properties of patient with diabetes mellitus

A
  • ## high urine specific gravity
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6
Q

PUPD in ill female dog with recent heat history. Suggest a disease.

A

Suspected pyometra

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7
Q

Urine specific gravity for animals with PUPD

A

Low USG

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8
Q

Methods to collect urine sample

A
  • Mid-stream catch
  • Manual compression
  • Urinary catheterization
  • Cystocentesis
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9
Q

How to conduct microscopic examination of urine?

A

The urine sample needs to be centrifuged to acquire sediments

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10
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
  3. Acetone (least abundant)
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11
Q

Where and why ketone bodies are being produced?

A

Ketone bodies are produced by liver to serve as alternative energy source when glucose is not readily available.

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12
Q

Ketonuria interpretation

A
  1. Starvation
  2. Diabetes mellitus
  3. Excessive fat in diet
  4. Ketosis (cattle)
  5. Pregnancy toxaemia (sheep)
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13
Q

Glucosuria interpretation

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Stress induced glucosuria
  3. Pancreatic necrosis
  4. Drug induced glucosuria
  5. Hyperadrenocorticism
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14
Q

Bilirubinuria interpretation

A
  1. Hemolytic diseases (pre-hepatic)
  2. Hepatocellular diseases (hepatic)
  3. Bile duct obstruction (post-hepatic)
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15
Q

Definition of oliguria

A

Low urine output

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16
Q

Urobilinogen usually present in urine. The absence indicates…

A

Cholestasis

17
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

Bile duct obstruction

18
Q

Mild to moderate proteinuria indicates…

A

Tubular disease/ injury/ damage

19
Q

Marked proteinuria indicates

A

Glomerular disease/ injury/ damage

20
Q

In A:G ratio, albumin level will always be higher or lower than globulin?

A

Higher

21
Q

Altered A:G ratio can cause

A

Edema

22
Q

A:G ratio is used for…

A

To detect liver, kidney diseases and infection

23
Q

Fat droplets in cat and dog urine

A

Due to the degeneration of epithelial cells and usually do not have any clinical significance

24
Q

Functions of albumin in blood vessels

A

Maintain the oncotic pressure of blood vessels by drawing liquid from interstitial space into the blood vessels.

25
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is

A

It is the capillary blood pressure acting on blood vessels. The force that pushes out fluids from blood vessels.

26
Q

Oncotic pressure is

A

It is the counteracting pressure of hydrostatic pressure that prevent fluids from leaking out of the blood vessels. The pressure is affected by protein.

27
Q

Causes of proteinuria

A
  1. Inflammation and haemorrhage of urinary tract
  2. Pre-renal disease (cardiac disease, shock)
  3. Renal disease (glomerular or tubular)
28
Q

Glucose can present in the urine of healthy animal if

A

If glucose exceeds renal reabsorption capacity

29
Q

Functions of urinalysis

A

Screen, evaluate and monitor kidney functions

30
Q

Protein levels in urine can increase temporarily as a result of

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Infection
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Exercise
  5. Stress
31
Q

Kidney damage leading to proteinuria can be due to

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. Hypertension
    3.
32
Q

Common uroliths in cat and dog

A
  1. Calcium oxalate
  2. Struvite
  3. Urate (dog)

Clinical Pathology (1 decks)

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