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Urbanization > Urbanization Exam Review > Flashcards

Urbanization Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ernest Burgess

A 
•Created the Concentric Zone Theory
•Provided foundation for Chicago School
•Related City development to ecology
-cities grow outward
-grow until they can no longer expand
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2
Q

Chicago School

A
  • A school of thought developed at University of Chicago’s department of sociology
  • Believes that people’s behaviours are shaped by their social and physical environment
  • combined ethnographic fieldwork with research
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3
Q

Concentric Zone Model

A
  • A model describing urband land uses
  • A series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district
  • Each ring houses a distinct type of land use
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4
Q

City Beautiful Movement

A
  • A movement with the intent to introduce beautification to cities
  • Promoted beauty for its own sake
  • Philosophers of this movement believed that beautification could promote harmonious social order which would increase the quality of life
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5
Q

Index of Dissimilarity

A
  • The percentage of people that would need to be relocated in order to have a perfectly even distribution of race and ethnicity in a city
  • 60+ - very segregated
  • 40 - low segregation
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6
Q

Curitiba

A
  • Brazilian City
  • Has a very advanced public transportation system utilizes busses and light rail
  • Very dense, walkable and has lots of bike friendly areas
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7
Q

W.E.B. Dubois

A
  • First African-American to graduate from Harvard
  • Concluded that socialism is better path to racial equality than capitalism
  • Fought prejudice
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8
Q

Deindustrialization

A
  • Decline in industrial activity in a region or economy
  • many coastal manufacturing centres faced deindustrialization as factories chose optimal locations in the Rust Belt instead
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9
Q

Inner Suburbs

A
  • Suburban communities surrounding a central city

* Urban density lower than inner city

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10
Q

Economic Globalization

A

•The growing integration of international markets of goods, services and finance

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11
Q

Filtering

A
  • A process by which social groups move from one residential area to another
  • This leads to changes in social nature of a residential area
  • Often related to urban renewal
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12
Q

Gated Communities

A
  • Restricted neighbourhoods or subdivisions often literally fenced in
  • Controlled from one central point
  • Entry is limited to residents and their guests
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13
Q

Gentrification

A
  • Restructuring and rehabilitating deteriorated inner-city areas by middle and high income groups
  • displaces low-income renter population
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14
Q

Ghetto

A
  • Part of a city occupied by a particular ethnic group

* Forced to live there by economic, legal or governmental pressures

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15
Q

Global City

A

•City that has become and organizing and coordinating centre of the global economy

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16
Q

Infrastructure

A
  • Basic framework needed for the operation of society

* System of roads, airports, property taxes and other various public services

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17
Q

McJob

A
  • Low paying job with little to no benefits or advancement

* Activity highly regulated by managers and little training is required

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18
Q

Monster Homes

A
  • Associated with the new class of business immigrants
  • Converted garden space into indoor space
  • Upset stereotypes of poor immigrants - believed their neighbourhood would be overrun by people who didn’t understand Canadian lifestyle
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19
Q

Points System

A
  • Applicants are awarded points for attributed that the Canadian government deems important
  • This system does not apply to refugees
  • One needs 67 points in order to be granted entry to Canada
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20
Q

Postindustrial City

A
  • Global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy
  • Closure of factories results in loss of jobs, economic downturn and social fragmentation
  • Example: Detroit
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21
Q

Precarious Employment

A 
•A type of work that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected and cannot support a household
•Has increased over time due to:
-globalization
-shift from manufacturing to service
-spread of information technology
22
Q

Public Space

A
  • Space that is open and Accessible to anyone
  • Parks, benches, sidewalks are all public spaces
  • Private companies have the ability to advertise in public spaces
23
Q

Push and Pull Factors

A
  • Push - a force that acts to drive people away from a location
  • Pull - a factor that draws people to a new location
24
Q

Rank-Size Rule

A
  • A pattern of settlements in a country

* ‘nth’ largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

25
Q

Redlining

A
  • Illegal practice of a lending institution denying loans or restricting their number for certain areas of the community
  • Makes it virtually impossible for residents to gain access to credit
26
Q

Restrictive Convenants

A

•A contractual arrangement which limits the land use that a buyer or renter can do with a property

27
Q

Securitization

A

•The process of pooling contractual debts (mortgages, loans, credit) and selling them as bonds, securities or collateralized mortgages to various investors

28
Q

Time-Space Compression

A
  • The speed of transportation making places closer in terms of social distance
  • Speed and technology has compressed the space between any two points on the globe
29
Q

Urban Renewal

A

•Process of improving low income city areas by integrating housing units and shops to create new economic revenue

30
Q

New South

A

•Term that identified southern promoters’ belief in a technologically advanced industrial South

31
Q

New Economy

A
  • An economy in which information technology plays a significant role
  • enables producers of both tangible (computers, shoes, etc) and intangible (services, ideas, etc) goods to compete efficiently in global markets
32
Q

Sustainability

A

•Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

33
Q

Economic Restructuring

A
  • Phenomenon of western urban areas

* Shifting the base of an economy from a manufacturing sector to a service sector

34
Q

Rust Belt

A
  • Regions of heavy industry (steel, cars, etc) that experience marked economic decline after their factories cease to be competitive
  • Located in the Midwest and Northeast United States
35
Q

Citadel

A

•A fortress overlooking a city; a strong hold

36
Q

Municipality

A

•A city that has local self-government

37
Q

Homelessness

A
  • A temporary or permanent condition of not having a legal home address
  • One of the most extreme forms of social exclusion
38
Q

‘Ethnoburbs’

A

•A suburban ethnic neighbourhoods, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigrant populations

39
Q

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/images/urban/hoyt.gif

A

•1930s patterns to explain where wealthy people live argued that city grows outward

40
Q

Edge Cities

A

•New downtowns consisting of clusters of business activity that develop in the suburbs surrounding a city

41
Q

http://klcityplan2020.dbkl.gov.my/eis/wp-content/gallery/kl2020chapter2/conurbation_context.png Conurbation

A

An Agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment

42
Q

Morphogenesis

A

•The generation of ordered form and structure

43
Q

Primate Cities

A

•Cities with a concentrated urban population that dominate the economy, culture and government

44
Q

Garden Cities

A
  • Planned cities, often within commuting distance of a major metropolitan centre
  • Designed for residential amenities with a self-contained employment base
45
Q

‘Fordism’

A

•A manufacturing system that produces standardized, low-cost products in huge volumes

46
Q

Just-in-Time Delivery

A
  • Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems
  • Companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
47
Q

Agglomeration

A
  • The act or process of things gathering into a mass

* Example: companies cluster for customers, resources or whatever can be found in a common area

48
Q

Positivism

A

•A system of thought that regards scientific observation to be the highest form of knowledge

49
Q

New Urbanism

A

•Urban design movement to address issues of traffic, congestion and sprawl

50
Q

Enclaves

A

•Small territories located inside a large country

Urbanization (1 decks)

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