Urbanization Exam Review Flashcards
Ernest Burgess
•Created the Concentric Zone Theory •Provided foundation for Chicago School •Related City development to ecology -cities grow outward -grow until they can no longer expand
Chicago School
- A school of thought developed at University of Chicago’s department of sociology
- Believes that people’s behaviours are shaped by their social and physical environment
- combined ethnographic fieldwork with research
Concentric Zone Model
- A model describing urband land uses
- A series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district
- Each ring houses a distinct type of land use
City Beautiful Movement
- A movement with the intent to introduce beautification to cities
- Promoted beauty for its own sake
- Philosophers of this movement believed that beautification could promote harmonious social order which would increase the quality of life
Index of Dissimilarity
- The percentage of people that would need to be relocated in order to have a perfectly even distribution of race and ethnicity in a city
- 60+ - very segregated
- 40 - low segregation
Curitiba
- Brazilian City
- Has a very advanced public transportation system utilizes busses and light rail
- Very dense, walkable and has lots of bike friendly areas
W.E.B. Dubois
- First African-American to graduate from Harvard
- Concluded that socialism is better path to racial equality than capitalism
- Fought prejudice
Deindustrialization
- Decline in industrial activity in a region or economy
- many coastal manufacturing centres faced deindustrialization as factories chose optimal locations in the Rust Belt instead
Inner Suburbs
- Suburban communities surrounding a central city
* Urban density lower than inner city
Economic Globalization
•The growing integration of international markets of goods, services and finance
Filtering
- A process by which social groups move from one residential area to another
- This leads to changes in social nature of a residential area
- Often related to urban renewal
Gated Communities
- Restricted neighbourhoods or subdivisions often literally fenced in
- Controlled from one central point
- Entry is limited to residents and their guests
Gentrification
- Restructuring and rehabilitating deteriorated inner-city areas by middle and high income groups
- displaces low-income renter population
Ghetto
- Part of a city occupied by a particular ethnic group
* Forced to live there by economic, legal or governmental pressures
Global City
•City that has become and organizing and coordinating centre of the global economy
Infrastructure
- Basic framework needed for the operation of society
* System of roads, airports, property taxes and other various public services
McJob
- Low paying job with little to no benefits or advancement
* Activity highly regulated by managers and little training is required
Monster Homes
- Associated with the new class of business immigrants
- Converted garden space into indoor space
- Upset stereotypes of poor immigrants - believed their neighbourhood would be overrun by people who didn’t understand Canadian lifestyle
Points System
- Applicants are awarded points for attributed that the Canadian government deems important
- This system does not apply to refugees
- One needs 67 points in order to be granted entry to Canada
Postindustrial City
- Global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy
- Closure of factories results in loss of jobs, economic downturn and social fragmentation
- Example: Detroit
Precarious Employment
•A type of work that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected and cannot support a household •Has increased over time due to: -globalization -shift from manufacturing to service -spread of information technology
Public Space
- Space that is open and Accessible to anyone
- Parks, benches, sidewalks are all public spaces
- Private companies have the ability to advertise in public spaces
Push and Pull Factors
- Push - a force that acts to drive people away from a location
- Pull - a factor that draws people to a new location
Rank-Size Rule
- A pattern of settlements in a country
* ‘nth’ largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Redlining
- Illegal practice of a lending institution denying loans or restricting their number for certain areas of the community
- Makes it virtually impossible for residents to gain access to credit
Restrictive Convenants
•A contractual arrangement which limits the land use that a buyer or renter can do with a property
Securitization
•The process of pooling contractual debts (mortgages, loans, credit) and selling them as bonds, securities or collateralized mortgages to various investors
Time-Space Compression
- The speed of transportation making places closer in terms of social distance
- Speed and technology has compressed the space between any two points on the globe
Urban Renewal
•Process of improving low income city areas by integrating housing units and shops to create new economic revenue
New South
•Term that identified southern promoters’ belief in a technologically advanced industrial South
New Economy
- An economy in which information technology plays a significant role
- enables producers of both tangible (computers, shoes, etc) and intangible (services, ideas, etc) goods to compete efficiently in global markets
Sustainability
•Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Economic Restructuring
- Phenomenon of western urban areas
* Shifting the base of an economy from a manufacturing sector to a service sector
Rust Belt
- Regions of heavy industry (steel, cars, etc) that experience marked economic decline after their factories cease to be competitive
- Located in the Midwest and Northeast United States
Citadel
•A fortress overlooking a city; a strong hold
Municipality
•A city that has local self-government
Homelessness
- A temporary or permanent condition of not having a legal home address
- One of the most extreme forms of social exclusion
‘Ethnoburbs’
•A suburban ethnic neighbourhoods, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigrant populations
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/images/urban/hoyt.gif
•1930s patterns to explain where wealthy people live argued that city grows outward
Edge Cities
•New downtowns consisting of clusters of business activity that develop in the suburbs surrounding a city
http://klcityplan2020.dbkl.gov.my/eis/wp-content/gallery/kl2020chapter2/conurbation_context.png Conurbation
An Agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment
Morphogenesis
•The generation of ordered form and structure
Primate Cities
•Cities with a concentrated urban population that dominate the economy, culture and government
Garden Cities
- Planned cities, often within commuting distance of a major metropolitan centre
- Designed for residential amenities with a self-contained employment base
‘Fordism’
•A manufacturing system that produces standardized, low-cost products in huge volumes
Just-in-Time Delivery
- Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems
- Companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
Agglomeration
- The act or process of things gathering into a mass
* Example: companies cluster for customers, resources or whatever can be found in a common area
Positivism
•A system of thought that regards scientific observation to be the highest form of knowledge
New Urbanism
•Urban design movement to address issues of traffic, congestion and sprawl
Enclaves
•Small territories located inside a large country
