Urbanisation_intro_395

Question 1

Definition of URBANISATNION

Answer 1

the process by which an
increasing proportion of a country’s population lives in
towns and cities.

Question 2

Three most urbanised regions:

Two least urbanised regions :

Answer 2

Northern America (82 per
cent living in urban areas in 2018),
Latin America and
the Caribbean (81 per cent)
Europe (74 per cent).

In contrast, Africa and Asia remain mostly rural, with
43 and 50 per cent of their respective populations
living in urban areas

Question 3

Forecasts for urbanisation; comment on the spatial aspect of the pattern

Answer 3

The World Bank
predicts that between 2018 and 2050:

A) India, China and Nigeria

will account for 35 per cent of the growth
of the world’s urban population

Question 4

4 reasons why cities experience population decline (with examples of the cities):

Answer 4

A) economic contraction (e.g. Detroit, USA)
B) ow fertility rates (e.g. Nagasaki, Japan and Busan,
South Korea)
C) emigration (e.g. Poznan, Poland)
D) natural disaster (e.g. New Orleans, USA).

Question 5

Megacity - definition

Answer 5

Urban areas with a population of more than 10 million people.

Question 6

How many megacties in 1990? How many in the UN forecast for 2030?

Answer 6

1990 - 10 megacities
2030 - 43 megacities

Question 7

One megacitiy that is predicted to experience a sharp decline in population.
One megactiy that is predicted to experience a huge increase in population?

Answer 7

Tokyo - decline by approx. 1 mln from 37,4 mln
Delhi - increase by another 10 mln (from approx 20 mln)

Question 8

Causes of urban growth

Answer 8

1) Better access to different institutions
2) Natural population growth + (pattern : younger people tend to chose cities)
3) Rural-urban migration

Question 9

6 PUSH Factors for RURAL areas [mostly in developing countries]

Answer 9

1) population growth leading to a) over-farming b) soil erosion and c) low yields
2) agricultural problems: a) desertification b) systems of inheratance
3) inadequate medical care
4) many families have been driven off their land by big TNC’s
5) natural disasters
6) wars

Question 10

PULL Factors for URBAN areas (4)

Answer 10

1) employment in factories and service industries - better paid jobs
2) earning money from huge informal sector (mainly in developing countries)
3) better quality social provisions + healthcare, education
4) a PERCEIVED better quality of life in the city, FED in part by IMAGES in the MEDIA :)

Question 11

What is URBAN SPRAWL?

Answer 11

– spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
– urbanisation + suburbanisation
–traditionally occurred in an uncontrolled and unplanned fashion
-

Question 12

NEGATIVE IMPACTS of URBAN SPRAWL

Answer 12

a) less efficient to build infrastructure in low-density areas (pipes, cables, wires)
b) wildlife habitat loss
c) more fuel consumption and traffic congestion
d) urban heat island
e) loss of farmland -> loss of fresh local food -> greater food miles
f) impact on water quantity and quality
g) decentralisation + homogenisation

Question 13

What is the cause of the formation of informal or inadequate housing?

Answer 13

People migrating to urban area; elites buying real estate -> cannot afford shelter

Question 14

Three different names for slums and their locations:

Answer 14

a) Brazil - Favelas
b) India - Bustees
c) West Africa - Bidonvilles

Question 14

Percentage of urban population living in slums?

Answer 14

approx. 25 %

Question 14

“Proportion of people living in urban slums varied globally” - comment on this trend (prove variation)

Answer 14

For
example, in Sub-Saharan Africa it continued to grow at
an ever-increasing rate while in other regions it slowed
down or even fell (for example, Northern Africa + South Eastern Asia +Latin America)

Question 15

How have the global strategies towards slums changed during the recent years?

Answer 15

Policies to ERADICATE the slums were replaced by SLUM UPGRADING PROGAMMES

Question 16

Comment on the business situation in Dharavi, Mumbai. India.

Answer 16

-small-scale manufacturing industries
- production of leather goods, bricks, pottery, recycle plastic
- they do have electricity and gas

Question 17

What is gentrification? Why is dangerous for the city regular residents (eg. middle class)?

Answer 17

buying and
renovating of properties, often in more run-down areas,
by wealthier individuals.

EFFECT: no affordable houses in the area, huge rental costs

Question 18

What is suburbanistation?

Answer 18

The movement of people from living
in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges.

Question 19

What is urban resurgence?

Answer 19

Urban resurgence refers to the
regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban
area which has suffered a period of decline.

Question 20

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 20

The movement of people from
large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural
areas, thereby leapfrogging the rural–urban fringe. It

Question 21

What is an edge city?

Answer 21

A self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and
developed as a city in its own right.