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Urban environments > Urbanisation/ Urban forms > Flashcards

Urbanisation/ Urban forms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation is the increase of the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

What is the definition of counter-urbanisation?

A

Increase in the proportion of people living in semi-rural or rural places.

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3
Q

Causes of urbanisation?

A
  • Lack of accessible health and education in rural areas
  • Rural over population
  • Wider range of job opportunity
  • Improvements in technology means farmers aren’t needed
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4
Q

Consequences of urbanisation?

A
  • Increased job opportunities and wage rises, can provide better quality of life.
  • Urban areas become areas for technological advancement due to high investment.
  • Inequalities between rich and poor as working class emerges
  • As grow the attract migrants usually in search of better employment become culturally and ethnically diverse.
  • Tend to have a younger population due as attracted by jobs and entertainment.
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5
Q

What is the definition of a world city?

A

A city which is important beyond the country its involved in. Usually have political and financial influence over the whole world

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6
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of world cities?

A
  1. Business, transport, and trade hubs
  2. Production hubs
  3. Political hubs
  4. Migration hubs
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7
Q

What is the definition of urban growth?

A

Increase in total population of an urban place.

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8
Q

What is the definition of urban form and influences over urban form?

A

Physical characteristics of built up areas including shape, size, density and organisation.

Physical factors-

  • Topography, physical factors e.g. Steep slopes
  • Natural resources
  • Land type e.g. Peat bogs too hard to build on.

Human factors-

  • Planning, expansion can be planned or unplanned e.g. London and Mumbai.
  • Infrastructure, often built along transport links for trade.
  • Land value, CBD highest land values
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9
Q

Types of urban forms?

A
  1. Pre-industrial cities
    - Unaffected by industrial developments, retain layout + characteristics.
  2. Modern cities
    - Homogenous areas dominated by one land use, dominant CBD.
  3. Post industrial zones
    - Looser structure with smaller zones as opposed to one CBD. Focus on aesthetic.
  4. Public transport and motor based cities
    - Integrated approach to planning with fully integrated public transport system. Mostly built on urban fringe.
  5. African cities
    - Grown from colonial settlements no industrialisation. Unplanned and chaotic, usually dominated by slums.
  6. Socialist cities
    - Classless city everyone in housing blocks close to centre + public transport. Have main square and prestige buildings.
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10
Q

What is a post modern western city?

A

New urban form which is characterised by a patchwork of changing land use and striking architecture.

Advantages-

  1. Buildings attract tourists
  2. No limitation on land use
  3. Public services used as opposed to council (focus elsewhere)

Disadvantages-

  1. Don’t consider peoples needs as not run by council
  2. High social segregation
  3. Decline in CBD as multi-nodal.
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11
Q

What is the definition of suburbanisation?

A

The outward expansion of urban places. It’s urban growth as the size of the city increases.

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12
Q

What causes sub-urbanisation?

A
  • Improvements in transport allows people to live and work in different areas
  • Perceived better quality of life
  • Improvements in technology
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13
Q

What causes counter-urbanisation?

A
  • Further improvements in transport
  • Improvements in technology means people can live remotely
  • Perceived benefits of quality of life
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14
Q

What are the effects of counter-urbanisation?

A
  • Local shops close
  • Village schools see an increase in pupils
  • Increased social segregation due (all wealthiest in one area)
  • Rural and urban areas become similar
  • Estates built on greenfield sites
  • House prices rise
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15
Q

What is the definition of urban resurgence?

A

When urban places are given ‘new life’ as new investment aims to bring social, economic and environmental improvements.

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16
Q

Types of regeneration?

A
  • Property led regeneration
  • Partnership regeneration schemes
  • Gentrification
17
Q

Definition of gentrification?

A

Process of regeneration by affluent individuals. Usually occurs in deprived inner areas.

18
Q

Case study of Surbiton (suburbanisation):

A
  • Expansion of London in 1919 led to growth of ‘metro-land’ as railway company developed spare land into housing. Urban growth here continued until metropolitan green belt in 1950’s.

Surbiton:

  • South-west London
  • 11 miles from centre
  • Population of 10,500.
  • 15 mins from centre by train.
  • Average house price £950,000 (4 bed detached)

Consequences:

  1. First time buyers from the area cannot afford to live there.
  2. Increased social segregation as mostly white + affluent.
19
Q

Case study of St Ives, Cambridge (counter-urbanisation):

A

St Ives:

  • 70 miles from London
  • 12 miles from Cambridgeshire
  • 1961 population = 3800, 2011 population = 16,400
  • 1/4 of the population commute into London each day.

Reason for growth:

  1. Cheaper to live outside of London, house prices av. £500,000
  2. Perceived better quality of life
  3. Jobs now often located on fringe + increase in teleworking

Effect:

  • More shops + services
  • House price rise
  • Building on flood plain
  • Pressure on local schools

Management:

  • 2010 approved 200 new homes.
  • Plans to expand school for 240 new places.
  • Flood protection of £8.8m.
  • £116m on guided busway which links to Cambridge to reduce congestion.
20
Q

London urban decline:

A

Lost 16% of population between 1939-81 due to suburbanisation. East London alone lost 10%.
When docklands closed 10,000 lost jobs directly and 100,000 indirectly. Unemployment reached 60%

Socio-economic consequences:

  • Inner city unemployment 50% higher than rest of UK.
  • Manufacturing areas hit the worst as industry moved elsewhere for lower cost.
  • Urban areas lost most qualified and talented people.
  • Remaining pop older + less qualified = riots.

Environmental consequences:

  • Physical environment saw further decline.
  • Those that remained couldn’t make changes due to lack of ‘civic pride’ = NME
21
Q

London Docklands development corporation (Property led regeneration):

A
  • Gov set up LDDC to buy land and improve infrastructure. This was sold to private investors with tax incentives to improve area, also had little planning restrictions.

Advantages:

  1. Canary Wharf built which is now 2nd financial district.
  2. 10,000 new jobs
  3. 200,000 new homes / apartments
  4. Part of the reason London became an alpha ++ city.

Disadvantages:

  1. Jobs not suitable for locals (dockworkers)
  2. Houses too expensive which forced original inhabitants out.
  3. Described as ‘economic success but social failure’
22
Q

London 2012 Olympics (Partnership led regeneration):

A

Aims:

  • Create 4000 new homes, 3000 of these to be affordable.
  • 3000 new jobs in media and technology.
  • Improve transport links as well as local infrastructure.

Decision makers:

  • Olympic park legacy company
  • Olympic delivery company
  • London mayor and transport for London.

Positive outcomes:

  1. 4600 jobs in ICITY (new commercial and business district).
  2. 2000 jobs in Westfield for locals, 10,000 in total.
  3. Parks + pathways created and local area cleaned up (30,000 tonnes of rubbish cleared)
  4. 1200 affordable homes
  5. 4000 trees planted as well as new habitats and breeding programs in place.

Negative effects:

  1. Only 1200 affordable homes (3000 promised)
  2. ICITY jobs only for highly qualified individuals (40% of locals with no qualifications)
  3. 380 companies forced to relocate which created job losses and economic loss.
23
Q

Notting Hill (Gentrification case study):

A

Wealthy individuals brought houses with the intent of doing it up, not part of any plan.

Positive outcomes:

  1. Improved quality of housing and higher land values
  2. Performance of local schools improves as well as services
  3. Council tax rises so government improve the area further.

Negative outcomes:

  1. House prices rise, forces out locals
  2. Increased council tax
  3. Corner shops close and village feel is lost
  4. Increased pollution due to increased car use.
24
Q

Process of gentrification?

A

The process:

  1. Urban areas expand, large dwellings for affluent built (1850-1900)
  2. Suburbanisation means surrounded by less expensive properties.
  3. Undergoes urban decline
  4. Large properties become facts and bedsits, becomes deprived area.
  5. Rising house prices and want to cut commute times increases demand for inner city housing.
  6. Affluent buy houses to either live in or sell once they have been done up.
  7. Process continues and area becomes gentrified.
25
Q

Mumbai, nature and impact of environmental conditions:

A

Mumbai has an ecological footprint of 2.7 GHA.

26
Q

What is a mega city?

A

Area with over 10 million people

  • 28 mega cities
  • 2/3s in developing nations (migration in search of better employment)
  • Dominate national and regional economies as companies set up (high potential workforce)
  • Extreme wealth and poverty usually experienced (Mumbai)
27
Q

London case study (social and economic issues):

A

Issues with economic inequality, cultural diversity and social segregation:

  1. Largest wage gaps in world -£1 for every £172 + 27% in poverty
  2. Many areas have been gentrified (notting hill, Canary Wharf) forced original inhabitants out
  3. 50% in non white British and distribution is poor (Surbition and Tower Hamlets) they also suffer from hate crime 2015, 800 anti Muslim incidents

Strategies to manage problems:

  1. London living wage increased to £9.75 (£8.45 uk)
  2. Mayor plans to build more affordable homes - less affluent remain in affluent areas
  3. Encouraging support to victims of hate crimes and urging people to report
28
Q

Mumbai case study (social and economic issues):

A

Issues in Mumbai:

  1. 60% of its population live in slums
  2. Increasing middle class because it’s NIC increasing divide
  3. Low taxes by government mean that they do not have the funds to improve the urban structure or improve issues
  4. 1000 new migrants each day (domestic migration)

Strategies to manage problems:
1. Vision Mumbai set up to tackle issue of urban growth as currently unsustainable.
Aims-
- Build 1 million low cost homes
- Reduce slum population to 10% of level in 2000
- Remove slum cities such as Dharavi
- Better health care to improve quality of life.

Urban environments (5 decks)

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