Urbanisation Flashcards
What are push and pull factors
Push factors are things that make you want to leave rural areas
Pull factors are things that make you want to move into urban areas
What are some examples of push factors
Desertification means farming is hard and the amount of available land is decreasing
Land used to grow food is now used for “cash crops” like coffee or chocolate
People fleeing from natural disasters
Long distance from medical facilities
What are some pull factors in urbanisation
There is more employment in factories and the service industry (construction)
Better quality healthcare and education
Informal sector is lucrative - selling goods on the street
What is urban sprawl
Then spreading of cities outwards
What are some negative effects of urbanisation
Increase road builtage and road use- more traffic and pollution
Building in greenfield land - habitat loss
Loss of farmland at edges of city- less food supply
More impermeable services- more
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What makes a world city
History
Airport
Good university’s
Landmarks
Important government buildings
Many head offices of businesses
What makes London a world city
Headquarters of Barclays is there
London has 43 universities
Diverse cultures - 300 languages spoken
Landmarks - the eye , Buckingham palace
What is the cycle of urbanisation
Urbanisation-growth of urban cities
Suburbanisation- growth of edges of cities
Counter urbanisation- people moving to towns
Re-urbanisation- movement back to cities
What is the difference between a megacity and a world city
A megacity is based on population)10 million)
A world city is based on global importance
What are some positive effects of suburbanisation
Opportunity to create parks and open spaces
Spacious housing, less high density
Increase in offices , shops at edges of town
Increase in gyms and golf clubs
Ability to work from home
What are some negative effects of surbanisation on cities
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Decline in CBD businesses
Builds on Greenspace land - destroy habitats
Commuting by car - pollution
Greater divide between cultures
Some buildings in the inner city are left unused
What is counter urbanisation
When people move from large towns or cities to small towns and cities
Why are cities seeing more counter urbanisation than urbanisation
With technology nowadays you are able to work from home
If you need to be in a couple days a week you can just get a train from your rural train
This means there’s no requirement to actually live in the cities where your office is
What are some social impacts of counter urbanisation
Schools become full in rural areas
The villages lose their “traditional feel” and they become like ghost towns
Hard to get appointment in GP
Roads become very congested
What are some economic impacts of counter urbanisation
Farmers land prices will go up - able to make money from converting old barns and selling land
What is urban regeneration
Urban resurgence is the regeneration of an urban area
What is de-industrialisation
De-industrialisation is the decline in the proportion of jobs in manufacturing and factories in the area
What is the benefits of a pedestrianised street
Less pollution , looks nicer , easier to commute for people without cars
What are some ways in which Birmingham has regenerated
Restoring historic CBD buildings- tourism
Weekly street markets- community feel
More steeet lighting - feel safer
Increased public transport - less traffic , more routes in CBD
Plants trees-mental health, looks pretty
Why is automation good for the consumer
The product is cheaper for the consumer
As the business isn’t paying as many workers
What is automation being criticised
It puts workers out of their jobs
Why is globalisation good for businesses
They are able to pay workers less and get raw materials cheaper , increasing profit margins
Why do many immigrants move towards cities
Immigrants like to live with other people of the same race as they share similar religious views , culture and language
Cities also have many jobs with low qualifications
What are some economic impacts of diversity in uk towns and cities
Migrants often are needed to fill labour shortages
The false perception of migrants being taking jobs leads to racism
Migrants tend to be younger and add to workforce - more taxes for government
What are some education impacts of diversity in uk towns and cities
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Schools may need to put on extra English lessons
Father schools have more students attending (overcrowded potentially)
Reports show children of migrants more likely to go to uni - skilled workers for the uk
What are some health impacts of diversity in Britain
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Migrants tend to have poorer health because of the poor quality of housing in inner city areas - strain on NHS
What are some cultural impacts of diversity in Britain
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Towns and cities host festivals either food and music from migrant groups - builds sense of community , fun for everyone
Each culture has a wide range of food
75 percent of migrants see sports as a way of intergrating with locals
What is decentralisation
As land prices in the city centres increase , businesses such as shops and offices may relocate to suburbs
What is urban form
The physical characteristics that make up a city - size , population density
What are some physical factors affecting urban form
Topography - physical features influencing growth of cities eg : large flat areas encourage low density development
Natural rescources - encourage growth
Land type - wetland can be more difficult to build on
What are some human factors affecting urban form
Infrastructure- new developments are often built along railway links
Planning - unplanned settlements like slums in developing countries and planned development like leisure centres
Land value - huge profitable stores will be found in city ventres as the land is expensive, the opposite being true for smaller shops
What are some different characters of cities in developed countries
Town centre mixed development
Culture and heritage quarters
Gentrified areas
Fortress developments
Edge cities
What are some features of town centre mixed developments and culture and heritage quarters
Town centre mixed development- land use is mixed - offices , luxury flats , entertainment
Culture and heritage quarters- focus on the history and character of a city - contain art galleries and historic buildings - encourage tourism therefore making jobs
What are the features of a fortress development and gentrified areas
Developments for houses or shops - lots of security and high walls- only those with permission can enter- designed to give a safe environment for rich families
Gentrified areas Fortress developments- wealthier people move into shitholes and regenerate them- large range of services but unaffordable for poorer residents
What are edge cities
Areas of offices and shops that develop close to major transport links where land is cheaper
Developed since care use is common
