Urbanisation Flashcards
What is urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people in towns/cities
What are some benefits of urbanisation
Expands human knowledge Brings groups together Economically benefits the modern world Sustainability Cultural diversity Better quality of life Increased employment Access to services
What percent of GDP comes from urban areas
80%
What is exponential growth
A pattern where the growth rate constantly increases and becomes more rapid often becoming more steeper over time and can result in growth
In most rich countries, what percent live in urban areas
60%
What is migration
Rural-urban migration is the main driver of urbanisation. Most of the migrants are young and migrate from the countryside because of pull factors like work or education
What is natural increase
The young population in many cities lead to high rates of natural increase, cities also led to have better healthcare than rural regions so death rates are low and life expectancy is higher
Where are cities usually
Near rivers or by the water for better trade access
What is a megacity
A city with a population of over 10million
What is a world city
Generally considered to be important to the world economy, have world importance, centres of government and have national and informational headquarters, have cultural outlets
What are 3 types of megacity
Slow-growing
Growing
Rapid-growing
Where is Mumbai
Located in the Maharashtra state in the west. Bordered by the Arabian sea
Why is Mumbai such an important global and megacity internationally
4th largest city in the world
Closer to Europe via the Suez canal
Many banks are headquartered there
Some of the most expensive houses In The world
Why is Mumbai such an important global and megacity nationally
Wealthiest city in India financial Financial capital of India 2nd biggest part of India Contributed to 10% of all factory workers Bollywood industry
Why is Mumbai such an important global and megacity regionally
Largest city in Maharashtra which is the richest Indian state
Large unskilled group of workers
Mumbai owed wealth until the 1980s
Diversified local economy
Population of Mumbai
20,961,472
Population growth of Mumbai in 2022
1.42%
Area of Mumbai
603.4 km
Average earnings in Mumbai
4.4 lakhs
GDP in Mumbai
$2845
Life expectancy in Mumbai
70.19
Main religion in Mumbai
Hinduism
How and why has Mumbai grown
The population has grown by around 2-3 million people to the population every decade since 1950.
Mumbai has changed to fit this by building slum towns
Pull factors of Mumbai
Large services
Guaranteed payment for jobs
Large social hub
Push factors of rural india
Low service quality
Not financially secure
Closed off
How much of India’s sea trade does Mumbai attract
60%
How much of India’s income tax does Mumbai contribute
33%
Examples of TNCs in Mumbai
Bank of America
Glaxosmithkline
Volkswagen
Walt Disney
How much coastline does Mumbai have
150km of coastline
What is the annual minimum wage in in Mumbai
$689-half of Vietnam’s
What is the informal economy
Type of employment without the official knowledge of the government and therefore without paying taxes. It is common in many LICs
Challenges of recycling in Mumbai
Earn £1 a day Work in appalling conditions Children and women sift through plastic Toxic substances without proper equipment Could affect life expectancy Dangerous waste recycled
Opportunities of recycling in Mumbai
80% recycled Could be a way to a sustainable future Continuously recycles Trying to develop Every thing recycled
Opportunities for housing
Trying to lower housing cost that would be worth more and increasing salaries. There are houses that cost a lot more to cater to the rich and housing that is smaller for the poor but fits it’s purpose. There is a large sense of community in poor areas and people work together to survive
Opportunities for healthcare in Mumbai
More facilities
Rural areas only have 31% of healthcare while urban areas have 69% of facilities
Larger birth rates and lower death rates compared to rural regions
Charities reach out to maternal or newborn health care
Opportunities for education in Mumbai
People opening makeshift schools
Local children get education, in rural areas women don’t get much education while men get higher education
Challenges of housing in Mumbai
Still too expensive for people who don’t earn much
Inflation raises cause more homeless as they can’t afford houses
Open sewers
Overcrowding
Lack of proper healthcare and services
Bad living conditions
Graphs show half of Mumbai’s population live in slums but in other large cities it’s a small number
Challenges of healthcare in Mumbai
Lower death rate and higher birth rate increases disease risk
Lower percent of government sponsored healthcare
Higher percent of individual cover
Challenges of education in Mumbai
Large number of children may put a strain on education system
Poorest 20% have a lower attendance of 69.4%
While highest 20% have a 95.7% attendance rate
Richer people have a higher chance of education compared to poor people
How long does water run for some slums a day
30 mins
What percent of Mumbai uses communal taps
60%
How many litres of untreated sewage goes into the water a day
800million litres
What are challenges of sanitation in Mumbai
Not many toilets
Fast disease spread
What is the slum sanitation program
Aimed to build 330 community toilet blocks which would be handed to the community to use and maintain
Who does the SSP target
Around a million slum dwellers which is around 20% if Mumbai’s population that live in slums
What did the vision Mumbai report suggest should happen to aid redevelopment
$10 billion of public money should be spent on improving the quality of life in slums and well as $30 billion of private investment
What did vision Mumbai recommend to improve urban slums
Improved roads and congestion on trains. To clear slums and build 11 million low cost homes that would reduce the number of people living in slums from 60% to 10%
How is dharavi being redeveloped
Huge parts are being developed and demolished to build affordable homes and luxury apartments for middle class profit Dharavi is located next to Mumbai's financial district
Benefits of the slum rehabilitation housing scheme
Lower risk of illness such as typhoid and stomach problems
Narrow alleys will be replaced by wide wide roads to reduce fire risks
Reduces overcrowding
Have internet and other accessories
Limitations of the slum rehabilitation housing scheme
Takes time and space
Some people moved a lot like between transit houses
Uses more fuel from individual cooking instead of together
Breaks sense of trust in community
A breeding ground for TB
Why do squatter settlements exist
Simple single or 2story building without planning control and they exist when migrants come into the city
And can’t get a house or they can’t afford a house
What do the authorities do to get rid of settlements
The bhendi bazaar is a mired area of chawls and 1250 stalls
Population=20000
Authorities plan to demolish 250 buildings and replace them with 17high rise tower blocks
Work started in 2010 and some families relocated
What is the slum rehabilitation housing scheme
A new scheme which plans to make development sustainable
Mixture of houses and shops so people can shop locally
Wide roads and tree lined pavements will replace alley ways
Open space like parks and green areas
Car parks and connection to public transport
Buildings will have solar panels CCTV sewage system and lighting
