Urbanisation (1) Flashcards
urbanisation
the growth in the proportion of a country’s population that live in an urban area compared to a rural area
What percentage of the worlds population live in urban areas?
50%
3.4 billion people
where is urbanisation fastest?
poorer countries
twice as great in poorer countries
Why is urbanisation happening so fast in LIC’s and NEE’s?
young people move to cities to find work
have children
increasing proportion of population
why do people migrate to urban areas?
better healthcare
service accessibility
life expectancy
what is suburbanisation?
outward growth of urban areas where people move to the suburbs
usually occurs when wealthier people decide to move away from central city for a better quality of life
what are the suburbs?
outlying areas if a city close enough to CBD so accessible by commuters
predominantly residential
what is counter urbanisation?
large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside
issues with suburbanisation
inner cities become deprived
house price within suburbs increasing
what are greenbelts?
area around a city where building is restricted in order to preserve rural areas
not always successful as developers can work to remove green belt status
push factors (urbanisation)
famine
drought
poor healthcare
pull factors (urbanisation)
opportunities
jobs
education
healthcare
advantages of urbanisation
better quality of life
city develops over time with more workers for infrastructure
disadvantages of urbanisation
unplanned housing
water pollution
poor exploited
large social divide
push factors (counter urbanisation)
pollution
large industrial areas
economic decline
pull factors (counter urbanisation)
clean air
more space
countryside
better value housing
advantages of counter urbanisation?
forces inner city areas to regenerate
helps reduce overcrowding and housing shortages
disadvantages of counter urbanisation
higher rural house prices
traffic and congestion
conflict between population
urbanisation in Uk between 1971 and 1991?
number of people living in the centre of the UK cities has declined but population living in cities has doubled since 2001
what is urban resurgence?
process of people moving back into city especially after deterioration of the area
why does urban resurgence happen?
schemes are put in place that aim to improve the quality of life
encourage city centre to economically grow and regenerate
what percentage of highly skilled jobs are coated in urban areas?
71%
issues with urban resurgence
gentrification and excess wealth in newly redeveloped areas mean that the original population can struggle to keep up with higher prices
when were urban development corporations set up and by who?
conservative party
1979
why did the conservative government set up urban development corporations?
realised that regeneration required drastic action not capable of being solved by local authorities on their own
what did UDC’s involve?
create agencies that would regenerate specific areas
what did UDC’s focus on?
physical redevelopment of derelict land
securing private capital and private sector expertise in redeveloping the area
when were enterprise zones set up?
1981
what was the aim of enterprise zones?
try to create development in areas of high unemployment
what did enterprise zones involve?
reducing taxes for businesses in zones to encourage start ups?
were enterprise zones successful?
successful in parts, tended to result in businesses relocating to the ez’s rather than new start ups (new jobs limited)
when did city challenge start and why?
1991
change of focus by governments
partnership between local authorities and private sector
what did city challenge involve?
in order for funding to be awarded companies had to demonstrate how redevelopment would affect the area and local authority as a whole
funding also allocated based on quality of partnership
problems with city challenge
funding based on partnership not necessarily on the need for regeneration
what did city challenge focus on?
physical infrastructure
job creation
social regeneration
