Urban Theories And Practices Flashcards
Urban Theories and Practices
• garden cities
• city beautiful movement
• new capitals
• the neighborhood unit
• city of towers
• broad acres
• radical urban ideas
• contemporary world urbanization
Author of “Tomorrow: A peaceful path to social reform” (1898)
Ebenezer Howard
On of the most important books in the history of urban planning
Garden Cities of Tomorrow
Mother town population
58k to 65k
Smaller garden cities population
30k to 32k each
with permanent green space separating the cities with the towns
The garden city movement
Advocated the concept of the ‘social city’
The garden city movement
Polycentric settlement, growth without limit, surrounded by a greenbelt; towns grows by cellular addition into a complex
Social city
The 3 magnets
• town
• country
• town-country
combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all of he advantages of the country by way of the environment without any of the disadvantages of either
Garden city
Urban agglomeration
En bloc
Followers of howard
• Sir Frederick Osborne
• Raymund Unwin
• Barry Parker
Hampstead garden suburbs opened in
1907
Called the 3rd garden city
Wythenshawe
First garden city
Letchworth
2nd garden city
Welwyn
Modification of Howard’s principles
- background of open space instead of greenbelts
- dividing the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units
Father of American city planning
Daniel Burnham
Daniel Burnham famous words
Make no little plans
Influenced the world fairs of the late 19th century, like the 1891 Columbian exposition in chicago
Daniel Burnham
Golden era of urban design in the US
The City beautiful era
Was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks and clusters
The city beautiful era
Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial
The city beautiful era
Worked on the reconstruction of Paris
Baron George Eugene Hausmann
Capital of Brazil
Brasilia
Brasilia was designed by
Lucio Costa
Old capital of Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
The biggest planning exercise of the 20th century
Brasilia
Did not include a single population projection
Brasilia
A close friend of Lucio costa, was the chief architect of most public buildings
Oscar Niemeyer
Brasilia landscape designer
Robert Burle Marx
Brasilia was built in
41 months
The city has been both acclaimed and criticized for its use of modernist architecture on a grand scale
Brasilia
The only realized plan of Le Corbusier
Chandigarh
Original master-planner of Chandigarh
Albert Myer
Chandigarh , the only realized plan of
Le Corbusier
A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport
Chandigarh
The whole plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle
New capitals Chandigarh
The Radburn idea or new town idea
Clarence Stein
was to create a series of superblocks
Radburn Idea
Typified by the backyards of homes facing the street and front of homes facing each other over common yards
Radburn
New capitals
Basic layout of the community
• super-block concept
• cluster grouping
• interior parklands
• separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to promote safety
Every home was planned with access to park walks
New capitals radburn
Book by Clarence Perry
The neighborhood unit
Certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can’t or do not travel far
Neighborhood unit
Defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy reach of each other
The neighborhood unit
Concerns self sustainability of smaller unit
The neighborhood unit
Principles based on the natural facilities such as primary schools and local shops
The neighborhood unit
Popularly known as Le Corbusier
Charles - Eduoard Jeanneret
Charles - Eduoard Jeanneret - popularly known as
Le Corbusier
Was conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book
The city of towers
Traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due to increasing size and increasing congestion at the centre.
The city of tomorrow and the radiant city
A self - contained ‘vertical city’, with modular housing units for 1600 people
Unite’ d’ Habitation
Anchored on objective to decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their densities
La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)
also conceptualized Le Contemporaine
Le Corbusier
high-rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a population of 3m people
Le Contemporaine
He wrote the “ The disappearing city” and later “Broadacres”
Frank Lloyd Wright
Proposing that each US family would be given an acre of land
Broadacres
That mass transport by car would allow cities to spread widely into countryside
Broadacres
Homes would be connected by superhighways
Broadacres
Proposed to house a significant amount of Manhattan residents to free up spaces for Greenfields
Mile high tower
A proposed skyscraper that would have been 1 mile high
Mile high tower
An urban plan for an elongated urban formation
The linear city
The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors
The linear city
The 3d city by Paolo Soleri
The Arcology Alternative
Automobiles are eliminated from the confines of the city
The Arcology Alternative
Multi-use of nature of the buildings
The Arcology Alternative
Proposed by Edgar Chambless
Motopia
Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of a continuous network buildings
Motopia
Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers that proposed underwater cities
Science cities
A city that would float free in the ocean
The floating city
Mixed-use development that was built in response to the pressures of automobile
The Barbican City
Radial ideas
• the linear city
• the arcology alternative
• motopia
• science cities
• the floating city
The barbican city
Large cities used to be the exception prior to the 20th century, but a few did exist in antiquity
“Millionaire” Cities
Generated jobs, increased productivity, and opened up mass markets for goods
Industrial Revolution
Factors that contribute to urban growth
• transportation innovation
• improved infrastructure
• iron and steel construction
• the electric elevator
• improved medicine
Concept coined by Jean Gottmann for urban complexes on the Northeastern United States
Megalopolis
Megalopolis is a concept coined by
Jean Gottmann
The term means “great city” in Greek
Megalopolis
Used to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages between three or more large cities
Megalopolis
An urbanist and activist whose writings championed a fresh, community-based approach to city building
Jane Jacobs
This book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed l, destroyed communities
The death and life of great American cities
Introduced ground-breaking ideas about how cities function, evolve and fail.
The death and life of great American cities
Jane Jacobs Developed the principle of _______ to guide building developers on how to enhance community/ public safety
Eyes on the Street
Some of Jane Jacobs principles have resulted in a phenomenon known as
Gentrification
