Urban (Mumbai)

Question 1

Need for management in housing

Answer 1

1. Lack of clean water and sanitation - causes diseases such as cholera and dysentery to spread.
2. Overcrowded and poorly built housing - fire hazard, collapse, diseases spread.
3. Waste builds up, rats breed, diseases spread.
4. Water is limited so it becomes contaminated through tapping into city supply. Standing water allows bacteria to spread
5. Low paid work means that budget for food is low which causes ill health as well as homes are not able to be improved.
6. Lack of education means that knowledge of contraception, hygene and diet is limited which means larger families with limited ability to look after themselves.
7. Dodgy electricity supplies are a fire hazard.

Question 2

Strategies for housing

Answer 2

1. Slum Rehabilitation - provides better water supply pipes, sanitation, electricity, sewage systems to reduce disease and improve healthy living conditions.
2. Tarred Pathways - open sewers are covered and rubbish collection is possible reducing ways for disease to spread.
3. Cooperatives - encourages residents to organise themselves to improve the area by working together.
4. Dharavi Redevelopment Project - high rise apartments with water, sewage and electricity as well as job oppurtunities in a large shopping mall.
5. Self Help Schemes - Provides foundations and materials for housing, give tenants right to own land.
6. Slum Clearance - Slums are bulldozed to remove them.
7. Navi Mumbai - whole new development to start fresh with much more space so less overcrowding.

Question 3

Effectiveness of housing strategies

Answer 3

1. Authorities can’t keep up with growth of shanty towns and illegal tapping into water supplies will continue to contaminate.
2. Hygene and disease is less likely due to covered sewers but narrow streets will stop rubbish collection.
3. People with sense of community are happy to help improve the area.
4. A sense of community is lost so many don’t want to move. Many people are not eligible. Moved further away from work means more expenses.
5. More likely to improve area as less chance of eviction. Community is preserved and jobs can be kept.
6. People just move to another part of the city.
7. Over 1.5 million residents estimated as of early 2023. Lack of funding for amenities, jobs not suitable for less skilled workers.

Question 4

Need for Transport

Answer 4

1. The CBD at the southernly tip so can only be accessed from the north which causes congestion.
2. All major roads and rail networks coverage on the south of the island so all the people and vehicles are heading to the same place making it crowded.
3. The narrow island means roads converge causing congestion.
4. Bridges connecting small islands cause bottlenecks.
5. Population in Mumbai is rapidly growing meaning more people are using roads and public transport.
6. A growing middle class has led to greater car ownership.
7. Large variety of vehicles travelling at different speeds causes frustration.

Question 5

Transport strategies

Answer 5

1. Mumbai Urban Transport Project - improved railways, road links, cameras monitoring traffic, eco buses, flyovers and underpasses.
2. Bandra-Worli Sea Link - bridge connecting Bandra and Worli to the west of the city.
3. Skywalks - above the ground pedestrian only bridges which connect to metro stations to encourage the use of public transport.
4. Monorail - above ground railway taking cars off the road and is non-polluting and generates electricity.
5. Mumbai Metro Rapid Transit System - Designed to reduce traffic congestion in the city and supplement the overcrowded Mumbai Suburban Railway network. Completion expected 2026.
6. Car Pooling (BlaBla Car) - People can use an app to link with those going to the same place as them which reduces number of cars on road.
7. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link - Sea bridge connecting Mumbai to Navi Mumbai, cutting journey times as well as benefiting businesses and commuters. Reduces population of mumbai as encourages businesses to move out.
8. Navi Mumbai - New development to start fresh with proper facilities and amenitites.

Question 6

Effectiveness of transport strategies

Answer 6

1. Over 20,000 people in slums have been relocated, Slums are close to the railway so people walk on tracks which is dangerous and slows down efficiency, more people are using the improved rail network so less cars on road, train overcrowding still causes 10-12 deaths a day.
2. Many people avoid the charges so free roads are still congested, daily traffic is smaller than a third of estimate, capacity is restricted due to a bottleneck on the south end.
3. Used by over 500,000 people a day, many plans were scrapped so not all of city is covered.
4. Less disruption to communities, doesn’t go straight into the CBD.
5. Not yet fully complete, by 2019 used by 450,000 a day.
6. Not keen on sharing car with strangers, government banned sharing on non-transport vehicles, 2019 half of private car owners said they would consider sharing.
7. It cuts traffic from other roads as it is more direct.
8. With so many now living in Navi Mumbai pressure on roads has been allevieted.