Urban Life--Late 1800s Flashcards
What two inventions led to the development of the skyscraper in the 1880s?
Elisha Otis’s safety elevator made large buildings practical, while the use of the Bessemer Process to create a steel framework enabled buildings to exceed 10 stories. The first skyscraper was the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Skyscrapers proved exceptionally popular in New York City; driven by a lack of available space, New York City grew upwards instead of outwards.
Define Tammany Hall.
Tammany Hall was a political organization within New York City’s Democratic Party. Between the 1860s and the early 1900s, Tammany Hall was the headquarters of New York’s machine politics, where political bosses such as Boss Tweed distributed political patronage in exchange for votes and large amounts of cash.
What is machine politics? (political machine)
In machine politics, a political organization is controlled by a “boss” or small leadership group, which can motivate a large “get out the vote” effort. The boss commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.
Due to their electoral control, political bosses can distribute government positions and government construction projects, often in exchange for bribes or political support.
Who was Boss Tweed?
Boss Tweed was a notorious political boss in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s. Through his control of Tammany Hall, Tweed was able to bilk New York City out of at least $45 million. Most of Tweed’s support came from newly arrived Irish immigrants, whom he courted by distributing food and clothing.
Tweed and other political bosses represented the corruption that led Mark Twain to call the period “The Gilded Age.”
What artist proved instrumental in bringing down Boss Tweed’s political machine in New York City?
Thomas Nast
Nast’s political cartoons in Harpers Weekly, a popular magazine of the day, spurred an investigation into Tweed’s “Ring” (his group of supporters). Auditors of the city books discovered millions in fraudulent charges.
Tweed fled to Spain, but was captured when Spaniards recognized Tweed’s face from Nast’s cartoons.
What term did novelist Mark Twain coin to describe the political corruption that characterized American government following the Civil War?
The period became known as the Gilded Age, derived from a novel Twain published in 1873 about political corruption.
How did Stalwart Republicans and Half-Breed Republicans differ?
Led by New York’s Roscoe Conkling, the Stalwart Republicans supported the spoils system, under which elected officials distributed jobs to friends and supporters. In the elections of 1876 and 1880, Stalwart Republicans were opposed by Half-Breed Republicans, who favored civil service reform. Both Rutherford B. Hayes (the 1876 Republican nominee) and James A. Garfield (the 1880 Republican nominee) were Half-Breeds.
What significant political change did Rutherford B. Hayes advocate during his Presidency?
President from 1877 to 1881, Hayes advocated civil service reform, setting him at odds with Stalwart Republicans, who continued to support the spoils system. Hayes’s most prominent reform was to clean up the New York Customs House, emblematic of the spoils system. Hayes’s efforts included firing Chester A. Arthur, the head of the Customs House.
How did President Hayes react to French attempts to build a transoceanic canal across Central America in the 1870s?
Hayes contended that “The true policy of the United States as to a canal… is either a canal under American control, or no canal.” Hayes need not have worried, as the French plan was impracticable and failed miserably. Nevertheless, he anticipated American interest in a canal during the early 20th century.
Why was Chester A. Arthur chosen as James Garfield’s running mate in the 1880 presidential campaign?
While Garfield was a Half-Breed Republican and in support of civil service reform, Arthur was chosen to appeal to Stalwart Republicans, who supported the spoils system.
What did the Pendleton Act (1883) establish?
The Pendleton Act began the decline of the spoils system on the national level by providing selection of government employees based on competitive exams, rather than ties to political figures. Ironically, the Act was signed by President Chester A. Arthur, who reached the office after the death of President Garfield. Arthur, a Stalwart Republican, was himself a product of the spoils system.
Who were the Mugwumps?
The Mugwumps were Republicans who were dissatisfied with the nomination of James G. Blaine as the Republican nominee for President in 1884. Believing that Blaine was corrupt, the Mugwumps threw their support behind Democratic Party nominee Grover Cleveland. Mugwump support in the state of New York swung the 1884 election to Cleveland, who proved to be the only Democrat to become President between the Civil War and 1912.
President Grover Cleveland continued the process of civil service reform by making what announcement after his election in 1884?
Cleveland, a Democrat, announced that he would fire no Republican officeholder who was doing his job well. The announcement disappointed many Democrats, who had been out of office for decades. Cleveland also reduced the size of several federal agencies, which had become bloated with inefficient appointees.
How did President Cleveland invoke the Monroe Doctrine in a dispute with Great Britain?
During his first term, Venezuela and Great Britain’s colony of Guinea became embroiled in a boundary dispute. Venezuela asked for American arbitration, which Britain initially refused. Invoking the Monroe Doctrine, Cleveland sent a sharply written letter to Britain, who then agreed to arbitration.
In the 1888 presidential election, Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland. What did Harrison and the Republicans advocate?
Harrison and the Republicans advocated a high tariff, which was favored by Northerners who wanted to protect American industry from less expensive foreign manufactured goods. They also supported the free coinage of silver, which was popular among farmers and laborers.
Both Presidents Arthur and Harrison supported the modernization of which branch of the armed services?
the Navy
Under Arthur’s administration, the Office of Naval Intelligence and the Naval Academy were established. Harrison increased the size of the Navy, adding seven armored cruisers. Prior to Harrison’s increase, the United States had only one modern armored cruiser.
In 1882, Congress banned immigration from ______ for a period of 10 years, which was extended an additional 10 years in 1892.
China
The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882 under pressure from Western nativists. In the West, Chinese miners and laborers made up a large proportion of the workforce, filling jobs which Western workers felt belonged to them.
President Harrison continued the trend of American foreign policy to look towards what global region?
United States foreign policy continued to focus on Central and South America. Secretary James G. Blaine convoked a Council of American States, which met regularly to resolve political issues in the Western Hemisphere.