urban issues- Mumbai section A (p2) Flashcards
This is a compulsory topic. It covers urban growth in LICs'NEEs, urban change in cities in the UK and urban sustainability.
Define urbanisation
The rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas (towns and cities), in comparison with rural areas.
Describe the global pattern of urban change
- Rates of urbanisation differ depending on whether the country is rich or poor.
- The most rapid urban growth is happening in LICs.
- The lowest rates of urban growth is in HICs
- The rate of urban growth in NEEs is starting to slow.
Which continent has the highest rate of urbanisation?
Africa
What two factors affect the rate of urbanisation?
- Rural-urban migration
- Natural increase
Define natural increase
When the birth rate in a country is greater than the death rate.
Define migration
The movement of population from one area to another. Some migrations are forced, voluntary, permanent and temporary, International and regional.
How is natural increase calculated?
Birth Rate minus Death Rate/100 (to express as a percentage)
Define rural to urban migration
The movement of people from rural to urban areas due to rural push and urban pull factors.
List three push factors
- Drought / flooding
- Lack of services
- Few opportunities
- Low pay
- Poverty
List three pull factors
- Better quality of life
- Better access to services (e.g. education, health and entertainment)
- Better quality houses
- Increased pay
- Improved opportunities
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of 10 million people or more.
Name three megacities
Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Lagos, Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Jakarta, Metro Manila, Shanghai, Osaka, Tokyo.
Which two population factors combine to produce megacities?
Migration + natural increase + rural-urban migration
Which continent has the largest number of megacities?
Asia
Describe the location of Mumbai
Mumbai is a mega city – 12.5 million population
Dharavi – 1.2 million per square mile
West side of India facing the Indian ocean so it has easy access to import and exportation – easy trade.
40% of indias exports come from mumbai
Main city upon leaving the suez canal
22.9068° S, 43.1729° W
Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is an internationally important city
*Bollywood releases 200 films a year
* 40% India’s exports come from Mumbai
*India’s busiest airport
*Indias top location for FDI (foreign direct investment)
Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is a nationally important city
- 10% of all India’s industrial jobs are located here
- It produces 1/6 of India’s GDP
- It is considered the fashion and media capital of India
*10 universities
Give a reason to explain why Mumbai is a regionally important city
40% of the state income comes from Mumbai
3 million people commute to Mumbai for work
City growth in Mumbai is prevented by which physical factors?
coastal location limits land for expansion
flood risk areas
The eastern and northern edges of Mumbai include hills and rugged terrain, like parts of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park.
This uneven terrain is less suitable for urban development and infrastructure.
the RUF(rural-urban fringe) is found on marshlands
How has urban growth created opportunities for Mumbai?
*the financial capital is home to many major banks and other TNC’s from around the world (e.g Tata motors, Barclays and HSBC)
*Informal economy also thrives, providing livelihoods for millions.
*Infrastructure Development such as: Metro systems, New housing and commercial zones (like Navi Mumbai)
These developments aim to reduce congestion and improve connectivity.
Describe the social challenges Mumbai are facing
1. lack of sanitation - children play near open sewers which increases their infection risk which leads to an increase in cases for doctors by 4,000
2. Education - half of all children continue their education after 14. Many become involved in crime.
3. Water supply - people living in squatter settlements only have access to clean running water for the first 2 hours of each day. however the water is sometimes filled with diseases such as typhoid and diphtheria where there are 40,000 cases of it each day.
Describe the economic challenges facing Mumbai
1. informal economy - people working in the informal economy don’t pay tax meaning the government can’t improve the area
overcrowding in slums - squatter settlements found on unwanted cheap unstable land and is home to 1.2 million people per square mile of Dharavi.
3. Crime - Robbery and violent crime are big challenges.
major flood risk - during monsoon season there are large floods without the drainage systems to cope with the water as well as an increase in concrete surfaces preventing infiltration.
Describe the environmental challenges facing Mumbai
1. Air pollution - nitrous oxide pollution from cars and factories can lead to bronchitis and cancer. decreasing life expectancy.
2. Traffic congestion - caused by volume of traffic due to lack of infrastructure and a large amount of commuters who live outside the city.
3. Water pollution - 800 million tonnes of untreated water disposed into the river Mithi.
4. lack of urban greening - due to the limited areas that can be built on, the green field sites and areas of green space are being destroyed or undergoing deforestation increase the effects of air pollution.
what has been done as a part of vision mumbai?
- replacing squatter settlements with 1.1 million high quality, high rise tower blocks.
- using natural light and ventilation to improve QOL & SOL
- solar panels on the roof will improve the environmental impact
- street lighting, communal areas and streets lined with trees as examples of urban greening
- CCTV to improve security
- ## sewage treatment plants and water recycling to improve quality of water to improve QOL and decrease stress on health service and increase life expectancy
what were the negatives of vision mumbai?
Dharavi residents strongly opposed the plans they do not like the idea of moving home, losing the slums, losing their businesses and their sense of community.
what is the Mumbai monorail?
in 2005 thw government decided to build a monorail to ease traffic congestion with tickets only costing 11 rupees(10p). However, the monorail only linked the industrial areas of the city and didn’t reach the more deprived areas. this resulted in the monorail mainly being used by tourists.
Define squatter
Someone who settles on land without the legal rights to stay there
_Where_ do squatter settlements occur ?
Usually in least favourable parts of the city (e.g. steep hillsides or marshland areas)
_Why_ do squatter settlements occur?
Usually because of rapid rural-urban migration so governments don’t have time to provide houses, drainage, clean water, schools etc.
Name the biggest squatter settlement in Mumbai?
Dharavi
