Urban issues & challenges (p2) Flashcards
Urbanisation
The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities.
. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of many LICs and NEEs.
. Rural to urban
Push factor- Rural to Urban
Gangs & violence
. Boko haram
Pull factor- To Lagos
Run by government
. Safer for people and families
Push factor - Rural to Urban
Poor education in rural areas
. Around 60 % children in rural areas attend school
Pull factor - To Lagos
Good education in the city
. 98% of children attend primary school or a form of education
.11,226 primary schools and 10 universities
Push factor
Healthcare is very poor in rural areas
Pull factor
Healthcare is much better in Lagos with 12 main hospitals
Push factor
Lack of employment and jobs in rural areas of Nigeria
Pull factor
Lagos has good employment population
. 2 main ports, banks, construction for the rapid growth of the city
Push factor
No running water and the water is very polluted and dirty
Pull factor
More areas with running water (40% of city) and clean water
Natural increase
.High birth rates (35.2 per 1000)
.Fairly high death rates (9.6 per 1000)
Rural to urban migration
Ethnic conflict
Violence
Poverty
Better quality of life in Lagos
Social opportunities
.40% of Nigeria’s electricity supply
.Water treatment plants provide safe water that is piped
Lagos
Lagos is located in the country of Nigeria, where it borders Chad and Niger.
. Large migrant population
. Highest GDP of any African country
. Mega city ~ over 15 million population
. Home to 80% of Nigerias industry
. 5th largest economy in africa
Pollution
Waste disposal - landfill sites
Burning of waste - air polljtion
Car pollution - Large population = car pollution
Employment structure
Lagos employment structure
. 3% in primary (farming)
. 19% secondary (factories&manufacturing)
. 78% tertiary jobs (offices)
Formal employment
Employees pay tax to the government so in hand gain workers rights
Informal employment
no tax paid, workers do jobs like street vending
Urban growth challenges
. Having to expand onto the lagoon as overcrowding has become a problem
. Makoko
Makoko Floating school
. Fits 100 students & is free for students
. Easy to build and local workers are used
. Education improves the likelihood that the children will get out of Makoko
. Built with sustainable materials such as 250 floating plastic barrels
. Solar power, rainwater
Traffic congestion
Limited public transport in Lagos worsen air pollution as cars now take longer to get into the city
Distribution Of uk population
Uneven due to to factors like coastline trading, mineral wealth in cities like Newcastle
. Based on climate an terrain as big areas in Scotland e.g highlands are very hard to live on or farm on
. Historical reasonings that held purpose.
Birmingham
Located just off centre of England in the region of the midlands. Found North west of London and is nicely linked with main motorways such as the m6 and m5
Importance to the Wider world
. Become alternative business hub in the Uk
. Draws international investment such as HSBCs $200 million uk HQ
. Home to the international convention centre
. Held the 2022 commonwealth games
. Birmingham international airport
. Welcomes over 9000 international students into its 5 Universities each year
Migration - Positive
Very diverse areas in the centre and west of Birmingham
. large variety of cultures bring rich food culture
. Diverse religions which bring new architecture to the city e.g mosques
. Cultural mixing
Migration Negative
. Created social strains and segregation
. Enclaves are created as religious groups isolate from each other
. Racial violence e.g Birmingham Riots 2005
Opportunities of urban change - Environmental
. One of the greenest cities in Europe with over 500 parks and more trees the any city in Europe
Opportunities of urban change - Social
. 5 universities and over 50000 students - young and dynamic city
. Excellent transport links with the rest of the Uk
. Many museums, theatres and sporting events
Opportunities of urban change - economic
. Waste disposal improvements have lead to the Energy recovery facility - uses rubbish and converts it into energy
. Largest number of businesses and business start ups outside of London
. Increase in investment of brownfield sites including canals. The mailbox and Brindley place
Challenges of urban growth - Environmental
. waste disposal problems - 20% o waste was recycled in 2015 meaning a large % has not
. Greenfield land is being used up for the increasing population (housing)
Challenges of Urban growth - Social
. Space is rare so ethnic tensions are increasing
. Brownfield sites that may be historical are being developed
Transport opportunities - Integrated transport system
Tram - Links the city centre to the outskirts of Birmingham. Lowers co2 emissions as more people are involved in one journey, also less congestion
Trains - 3 train stations including New street, snowshill and Moore side. New street =$600 million re-development and 300000 passengers a day
Pedestrians - walking is more environmentally sustainable so pedestrian zones are being frequently made
. Greens zones - rings around the city reduces traffic congestion in the city
Urban greening
public landscaping and urban foresting projects that create mutually beneficial relationships between city dwellers and the env
Urban greening importance
. Helps combat air and noise pollution
. Soaks in rain water - helps with flooding prevention
. Habitat creation
. Lifts morale in cities - lessens urban crime
Deprivation
Lack of necessities required for decent quality of life
7 domains:
. Income
. Employment
. Education
. Health
. Crime
. Barriers to housing and services
. Living environment
Brownfield sites
Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use.
. Derelict buildings that are now awaiting repair and renovation
. Disadvantage - got to destroy what’s already
Greenfield sites
- an area of land that has not been developed previously
. Usually on the outskirts - Birmingham
Case study for tourism
Kenya -
Attractions: Nairobi, mount Kenya
. Hiking
. Fishing
. Wildlife
. Beach’s
Disadvantages: tribes are effected, vulnerable to terrorist attacks, buildings and facilities can destroy natural habitats
Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl is where commuter settlements have emerged around the outside of urban areas.
. Usually workers who live in rural areas but travel back into urban areas for work
. Usually still close to a motorway
Counter urbanisation
The movement of people out of the city areas into surrounding settlements within commutable distance
. Bus services are closing as families have two cars
Urban regeneration
Happens when an urban area is upgraded.
. Aim is to improve both social and economic spaces in cities.
. Usually takes place in derelict and brown field sites
E.g New street station and Snows hill station into offices
Sustainability
Environmental, social, economic
Grand central case study
. 1000 new jobs
. High end shops
. Solar panels
Curitiba
Water conservation - Water metre instillation, separate drinking water systems
Energy conservation - Separate bus lanes are built so buses are slowed down and prevent congestion, also want to replace the cities energy supply to hydroelectric
Green space - government puts in place green space schemes which stop urban sprawl
Waste - One of the only cities in the world that collect 100% of their waste and recycle 70 % of it.
