Urban issues and challenges Flashcards
What is the name of the squatter settlement in Lagos?
Makoko
What is the percentage of people in Lagos who live in slums?
66%
How many people are estimated to live in Makoko?
85,000 to 250,000
What are some characteristics of squatter settlements?
- Overcrowded, noisy and smelly
- Houses are made from informal materials
- Lack of sanitation, clean drinking water and open sewers
- Pollution and disease are common
- Thousands of people work in the informal job sector
What percentage of people use pit latrines in Lagos?
55%
What percentage of the Lagos population have no access to a toilet?
2%
What percentage of people get their water from wells or boreholes in Lagos?
55%
How do the sanitation systems cause problems in Lagos?
- Increased illnesses cause a strain on healthcare
- The government have to invest in healthcare more
What’s an example of Urban planning in Lagos?
The Makoko floating school
When was the Makoko floating school built?
2014
How many students can the classroom fit?
60 students
How will the Makoko floating school improve Lagos?
- Gives children in squatter settlements education
- Means they can get better jobs when they are older
- Means they will get paid more when they’re older
- Positive multiplier effect
- The school helps communities to withstand the impact of rising sea levels as a result of climate change
What happened to the docks in the 1960s in London?
They closed, meaning thousands of people lost their jobs. People moved to find jobs elsewhere.
What happened between 1981 and 1998 in London?
The London Docklands went under Urban Regeneration
Where is Stratford?
To the North of the London Docklands, in the Lower Lea Valley
Describe the deprivation in Stratford
- Lack of infrastructure
- Environment quality was poor
- Unemployment was high
When was the London Olympics?
2012
Why were the London Olympic bid successful?
- Stratford would be used for the games
- It would be Regenerated for the locals after the competitors left
What social effects did regeneration bring to Stratford?
- more than 10,000 new home will have been built
- New academy for 2,000 pupils between the ages 3 to 18
- Estimated that over 20,000 jobs could be created by 2030
What economic effects did regeneration bring to Stratford?
- New jobs in construction and tourism have created the multiplier effect
- Over 20,000 jobs could be created by 2030, bringing more than £5 billion into the area
What environmental effects did regeneration bring to Stratford?
- The park is very sustainable
- Has lots of cycling and walking routes
- Public transport provided
- Water efficient design of homes
- Protection of green spaces and natural habitats
Why are green spaces important in urban environments?
- Increases biodiversity
- Reduces Carbon Dioxide emissions
- Encourages people to exercise
How can urban areas become more sustainable?
Encourage:
- Water conservation
- Energy conservation
- Waste recycling
- Creating green spaces
What schemes have London adapted to try and reduce traffic congestion?
- London Underground
- Oyster Cards
- Congestion Charging Zone
- Bike sharing scheme
Name a bike sharing scheme
Santander Cycles
What is a ‘Congestion Charging zone’?
- A fee is charged to a vehicle in certain areas in London
- This discourages people to drive their own cars
What are the benefits of bike sharing schemes?
It encourages people to cycle reducing traffic congestion
What are push factors? (also name some examples)
They are things that make you want to leave a certain place. For example: - Lack of employment - Not much access to healthcare - Natural disasters - Low pay - Not much access to education
What are pull factors? (also name some examples)
They are things that make you want to move to a certain place. For example: - More jobs - Better education and healthcare - Increased quality of life - Following family members
What is a megacity?
A city with over 10 million people living there
What are the environmental problems of high traffic congestion?
- Increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change
What are the social problems of high traffic congestion?
- Greater risk of accidents
- Cause of frustration
- Lead to health issues for pedestrians
What are the Economic problems of high traffic congestion?
- Can make people late for work
- Business deliveries take longer
- Can loose companies money
What are some Congestion solutions?
- Widen roads
- Build ring roads and bypasses
- Introduce park and ride schemes
- Encourage car-sharing schemes
- Have public transport, cycle lanes and cycle hire schemes
- Have congestion charges
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate exceed the death rate.
What is Rural to Urban migration?
The movement of people from rural to urban areas
What is the population of London?
8.7 million
What are some social challenges in London?
- House prices are very high ( average of £475000)
- Some areas are really deprived (eg. Newham)
What are some economic challenges in London?
- While financial jobs are well paid, many jobs are low (eg. cleaning) with high cost of living
What are some environmental challenges in London?
- Urban sprawl has led to increased pressure and decline of greenfield sites around the city
What percentage of families in Lagos live to one room?
75%
How much is Lagos growing by each year?
600,000 people per year
What is the estimated population of Lagos by 2035?
40 million
What is Lagos’ importance within Africa?
- Africa’s largest city
- Financial capital of West Africa
- 80% of Nigeria’s industry is based in Lagos
