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Geography GCSE > Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

Urbanisation is the growth in proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas AND there is a growing population lioving in urban areas (50%)

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2
Q

Decribe the rate of urbanisation in HICs

A

Slow as it happened earlier

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3
Q

Decribe the rate of urbanisation in LICs

A

Fast due to economic growth in cities

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4
Q

Why is urbanisation happening?

A

Natural increase and urban migration

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5
Q

Push factors

A

Natural disaster, less farming jobs due to mechanisation, desertification, conflict and war

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6
Q

Pull factors

A

More, higher paid jobs, better healthcare, better education, join other family members

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7
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population in excess of 10 million people.

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8
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

Mumbai is a peninsula located on the West coast of India in Maharashtra state. It is a NEE

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9
Q

How is Mumbai important to India?

A

Entertainment- bollywood
Fashion
Finance- one of the world’s top ten centres of commerce
Jobs- serviving and manufacturing
Healthcare facilities- more in Mumbai then other parts of the state
Education- more in Mumbai and GDP is $2,800 compared to $1, 600 in the state

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10
Q

How is Mumbai important globally?

A

It has trade links with major cities including London, Cape Town and New York, there has been an increase in net migration of 3.08 as a result of its links, there has also been an increase in GDP.

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11
Q

What are the opportunities in the Dharavi slum?

A

Social: 80% of the people have jobs, people either have a job or are in education, 80% of waste is recycled, no space is wasted
Economic: people can get a job at any age, formal and informal economy

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12
Q

What are the challenges in the Dharavi slum?

A

Social and economic: water is contaminated and can cause cholera and typhus, built on a rubbish tip, rationed water, every sapce is used, roofs are made using asbestos, houses are very simple, wooden structures
Environmental: waste is left on the streets, lots of machinery and burning for poetry

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13
Q

What improvements are being made?

A

They have started to rebuild areas BUT the people in the slums son’t like the changes that are being made

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14
Q

Where is London located?

A

London is a city located in the south of England. It is a HIC

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15
Q

How is London important globally?

A

Five airports
Ferry routes
Part of Europe’s blue banana which measn it has links to other major cities such as Paris and Berlin
DIVERSITY- 2 million people in Lodnon don’t speak English
POPULATION- 12.5% of the UK’s population
88,000 babies born in 2013
TRANSPORT- public transport increased by 40%, £20 billion spent by Heathrow passengers in 2011
BUSINESSES- 75 businesses for every 1000 people, world’s leading banking centre
JOBS- Almost 2,000,000 jobs in inner London, 1.3 million people go to London for work
GREENSPACE- 65% garden, greenspace or water
TOURISM- 70 million Heathrow passengers in 2011

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16
Q

What are the opportunities in London?

A

People in their 20’s migrate to Lodnon for social purposes and job opportuites
CULTURAL MIX- 30% of inhabitants in outer London are part of an ethnic minotiry
RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENT- bars and restaurants, attractions and museams, theatre, Buickingham palace and the houses of parliment etc
EMPLOYMENT- London contributes more to the UK’s economy than any other region
TRANSPORT- motorways, buses and trains, underground, cycle network (2% of journeys are made by bike
URBAN GREENING- 65% garden, greenspace or water

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17
Q

What are the challenges in London?

A

INEQUALITY- billionairs live in close proximity to people who survive on less than a living wage, 16% of Londoners are in the poorest tenth nationally, top tenth earn 4.5% more than poorest
URBAN DECLINE & DEPREVATION- caused by lack of investment and maintenance, visable differences oin housing and economic opportunities, unemployment levels are not evenly distributed
DERELICTION- 250 acres of brownfield sites, can be brought back to use (London olympics), some can’t be developed at all
URBAN SPRAWL- increased traffic on roads, more air polution and accidents, health issues can arrise (high blood pressure, road rage), environmental issues
BROWNFIELD & GREENFIELD SITES- the UK could hit 70 million by 2033, number of houses has increased by 30% since 197, shortages in SE and high property prices and rental costs
WASTE AND AIR POLUTION- London suffers from air pollution mainly due to the size of the city, failed many of the standards set by the EU, ozone pollution- this is a poison to the human body

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18
Q

What were the benefits of the London olympics?

A

Economic, sports, social and volunteering, regeneration

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19
Q

Describe the location of the olympic village and it’s importance

A

Located in the east of London, in the middle of Waltham forest, Newsham, Tower Hamlets and Hackney
Location is beneficial because it is close to airports and train station which makes it accessible to tourists and athletes, this will increase income

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20
Q

What were the social positives of the London olympics?

A

The athletes village has been relaunched as a housing estate, there are almost half of the 2800 rooms will be affordable (40%)
Unemployment fell across London overall during the olympic period
Stratford got a tube station
Many of the grounds have been kept as parkland and are open to the public
The aquatics centre is also open for public use
Infrastructure has improved, two underground lines added and a high-speed train
The olympics has helped local schools, a new school has opened which will cover all levels of education

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21
Q

What were the social negatives of the London olympics?

A

Properties for poorer people had to be demolished to clear the site 450 Housing Association flatswere torn down
Many people in the areas surrownding the park remain in poverty
In some areas unemployment increased
The 2,800 new homes were still unaffordable to many of the poorest households
Many businesses were forced to move

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22
Q

What were the economic positives of the London olympics?

A

Lloys TSB estimated that the olympics will generate an extra £10 billion for the economy
The olympics brought £9bn of investment to east London
All of the olympic venues have been sold

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23
Q

What were the economic negatives of the London olympics?

A

There were still high levels of unemployment
Many of the materials that were used came from overseas
In some areas unemployment increased
Much of the £9bn was spent on transport
Rents and property prices increased as a result of the games
The total bill was £8.77 billion of tax payer’s money which was £5 billion

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24
Q

What were the environmental positives of the London olympics?

A

Much wildlife had to be relocated, 4000 newts 100 toads etc
Researchers helped to choose suitable and biodiverse vegetation, 4000 trees 74000 plants etc
The stadiums were made from 25% recycled materials
The urban wasteland of the lower valley was cleaned up with soil being cleaned on site
The site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land
New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created including ponds woodlands and artificial otter holts

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25
Q

What were the environmental negatives of the London olympics?

A

The games produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2

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26
Q

Define sustainability

A

The ability to meet the needs of the present without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs (ie conserving resources, limiting environmental damage)

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27
Q

What does urban sustainability require?

A

Management of resources and transport

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28
Q

What is BedZED?

A

Beddington Zero Energy Development is an environmentally friendly housing development in London designed to create zero carbon emissions, it was the first large scale community to do so

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29
Q

How does it conserve water and energy?

A

South facing, 30cm insulation to prevent heat loss, energy efficient appliances, car share/cycle lanes, grey water recycling/water efficient appliances

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30
Q

How does it recycle waste?

A

Apartments designed to make recycling easy

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31
Q

How does it create green space?

A

Green roofs and outdoor space for growing plants

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32
Q

What are urban transport strategies?

A

Well intergrated public transport (Metro/London underground), hybrid buses, cycle lanes, improving road networks, congestion charging, “scratch bikes”, electric car charging, car share lanes

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33
Q

How is sustainable transport managed?

A

Use of deterrants (London congestion charge), improve uptake of public transport, use of tolls on certain roads, road tax (for higher polluting vehicles), promoting hybrid/electric cars, tax on diesel and petrol, bike schemes (‘Boris bikes’ rentals/bike lanes), MOT emmisions tests

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34
Q

How is the Tyne and Wear Metro an example of sustainable transport management?

A

The service recieves subsidies to make fairs cheaper which encourages more people to use it, less vehicles on roads so less pollution and health complications, has interchange stations such as Four Lane Ends and Regent Centre so passengers ahve access to buses, cycles lanes, ferries, airport etc

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35
Q

Define development

A

Positive change to make things better, if a country is developing it means its economy is growinf and its standard of living is improving

36
Q

How can development be measured?

A

Economic factors such as wealth and income (ie GNI), social factors such as life expectancy, literacy rate, birth and death rate, infant mortality and composite factors (mixtures) such as HDI

37
Q

Why are composite measures sometimes better?

A

A single measure can sometimes give a false picture as it doesn’t show inequalities in a place

38
Q

Describe the pattern on the demographic transition model?

A

As a country gets more developed, its population increases, this increase then stars to slow down- this is becasue the death rate decreases (better health care, vaccinations) and then the birth rate decreases (more access to contraception, women have careers)

39
Q

What are the causes of the development gap?

A

Physical- landlocked, poor climate, extreme weather, natural hazards
Economic- nothing to trade, low value goods to trade
Historical- colonialism, civil war, instability

40
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A

The USA has 35% of all weath but only 5% of the population and Africa has 2% of the wealth and 12% of the population
Health is poorer is less developed countries
People want to igrate from low income countries to high income countires

41
Q

How can the develpment gap be closed?

A

Investment from TNCs, developing tourism, giving aid, using intermediate technology, fair trade, debt relief, microfinance loans

42
Q

Where is Nigeria located?

A

Nigeria is located in West Africa, it borders Benin, Niger and Chad

43
Q

How is Nigeria important globally?

A

It is one of the worlds fastest growing economies, globally important because it is an oil producing country, helps the UN with peacekeeping missions

44
Q

How is Nigeria important to Africa?

A

It has the highest GDP in Africa and a large population

45
Q

Political context

A

Nigeria used to be a British colony, there was a civil war and although it is now independant there is lots of corruption

46
Q

Social context

A

Nigeria is multi-ethnic and multi-faith, this diversity is a strength but also a source of conflict, there is economic inequality between the north and south, Boko Haram is an Islamic fundamentalist group that is increasing there

47
Q

Cultural context

A

Nigeria has a rich and varies culture, its cinema is known as ‘Nollywood’ and is the 2nd largest film industry in the world

48
Q

Environmental context

A

Nigeria’s environment ranges from savannah (grassland) in the north to tropical rainforest in the south

49
Q

How is Nigeria’s industrial structure changing?

A

There is a decline in farming and a growth in manufacturing and services which is helping economic growth

50
Q

How does Nigeria’s growing manufacturing industry help economic growth?

A

It provides people with regular paid work, the amount of tax paid increases which can be invested in education and healthcare services and it helps local companies grow

51
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in more than one counrty, Shell has invested in Nigeria and there are advantages and disadvantages

52
Q

What are the advantages of Shell?

A

They provide 65000 jobs to local people, pay taxes, give contracts to Nigerian companies

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of Shell?

A

Oil spills damage environment, theft is a problem and tax is spent protecting it

54
Q

How muich of Africa’s aid goes to Nigeria?

A

Approximately 4% of aid given to Africa goes to Nigeira, it is mainly spent on projects to improve the health of people and to improve services

55
Q

What are the environmental problems caused by economic growth?

A

Increase in squatter settlements from migration, deforestation (70/80% of forests), air pollution from industry, oil spills

56
Q

How has quality of life improved in Nigeria?

A

Life expectancy has increased, school enrolement has improved and access to technology has improved

57
Q

Why is access to food important?

A

Without access to enough safe, nutritious food people can become malnourished eg iron deficiency can affect children’s development, malnourishment increases the likelihood of getting diseases (1/3 of all under 5’s globally die from diseases linked to malnourishment), people who don’t get enough food may not perform as well at school so they lack lack the skills needed for a country’s development, malnourishment can stop people from working which harms their economic well-being and also harms the country

58
Q

Why is access to water important?

A

People need clean, safe water for drinking, cooking and washing, without proper sanitation water sources get polluted by sewage, water borne diseases (cholera, typhoid) kill many people each year, walking long distances to collect water can have an economic impact and effect the economy because people spend less time working and children less time in school, water is needed to produce food, clothes, and many other products

59
Q

Why is access to energy important?

A

Countries need energy for industry and transport as well as in homes, electricity allows industries to develop, creating jobs and making countries wealthier, the way of life in HIC’s depends on having a large and stable supply of energy, without electricity, people may burn wood for cooking and also provide light and heat which can lead to deforestation and cause people to ahve to walk furthur to get wood, electricity can also power pumps for wells and provide more safe water for communities

60
Q

Describe the global distribution of resources

A

Some countries don’t have their own energy reserves, others have dry climates that are not suitable for food production, to access more resources, countries have to import them or find technology based solutions to produce them- these can be expensive

61
Q

What is the link between wealth and consumption?

A

Comsumption of resources depends on a country’s wealth as well as their availability, consumption is higher in HIC’s, consumption is increasing rapidly in NEE’s, consumption is lowest in LIC’s

62
Q

How has the UK’s energy mixed changed?

A

1970- 91% coal
Large gas reserves in the north sea so 1980- 22% came from gas
Nuclear energy increased during the 1990’s, now a shift towards renewable
2014- 19% renewable energy, wind and bioenergy are the biggest renewables, solar and hydro are increasing
All coal power stations are to close by 2025

63
Q

What is the problem with coal, oil and gas?

A

They are running out, north sea oil and gas are being rapidly used up and production has been declining, UK still has coal but production has fallen since mid 1900’s, decline in demand for coal- to reduce CO2 emissions, cost of mining is increasing, last deep mine closed in 2015, shale gas from underground is being used more now and is extracted by fracking (fluid pumped into rock to cause cracks and release gas which is collected)

64
Q

What are the economic issues caused by exploiting energy sources?

A

Extracting fossil fuels is expensive, north sea oil is expensive to produce, nuclear energy is expensive to produce, money is needed to research alternative energy sources, renewable energy is not reliable so the UK still needs to import

65
Q

What are the environmental issues caused by exploiting energy sources?

A

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, fracking may pollute groundwater and cause earthquakes, oil spills or nuclear disaster can leak toxic chemicals into water, soil and air, ecosystems can be damaged by renewable energy like windfarms, power stations and windfarms are eye sores

66
Q

What is energy security?

A

Energy security means having a reliable and affordable supply of energy, it depends on the supply available, the size of the population and typical energy use per person, producing more energy than is needed is a surplus, having too little is a deficit

67
Q

Why do some countries produce lots of energy?

A

They have large reserves, eg Saudi Arania- oil, China- coal, UK- gas

68
Q

Why do some countries produce little energy?

A

They have few resources, eg Ireland, cant afford to access it or are politically unstable eg Sudan

69
Q

Why do HICs consume a lot of energy?

A

They can afford to

70
Q

Why do LICs tend to use less energy?

A

Their lifestyles are less dependent on high energy consumption than HICs

71
Q

Why is energy consumption increasing?

A

Population is increasing, economic development has increased wealth of some LICs so people can buy more things, eg televisions, technological advances have created more devices that need energy, eg tablets

72
Q

How do political factors affect energy supply?

A

Wars and political instability with large reserves can affect their ability export, climate change linked to burning fossil fuels has resulted in international agreements to reduce emissions, waste from nuclear energy is dangerous and hard to dispose of

73
Q

How do economic factors affect energy supply?

A

Non-renewables that are left are getting harder and more expensiveto get, the price of energy changes a lot, if prices go up some countries can’t afford to extract it, some LICs have coal/oil/gas but can’t afford to extract it, new wind farms etc are expensive to build

74
Q

How do technological factors affect energy supply?

A

Some countries can’t get their energy becasue they don’t have and can’t afford the technology to do this, Niger has energy reserves but doesn’t have the technology to turn it into electricity, oil is trapped in rocks in the USA and does not flow.

75
Q

How do physical factors affect energy supply?

A

Unequal distribution, fossil fuels will run out, climate and geography affect the potenital for the sue of solar, wind, hydro-elecricity etc, natural disasters could damage energy infrastructure

76
Q

What are the results of energy insecurity?

A

Fossil fuels get used up so reserves in more sensitive areas are extracted damaging the environment, demand for cheaper and cleaner energy increases the demand for biofuels (growing crops takes up land), factories might have to produce less (as they wull have less energy) so don’t makes much money, conflict between countires with energy surplus vs deficit

77
Q

Define renewable energy

A

Renewable energy will never run out, these include: biomass, wind, solar, hydro, tidal, wave and geothermal

78
Q

Define non-renewable energy

A

Non-renewable energy will run out eventually, fossil fuels have traditionally supplied most of our energy, nuclear energy comes from uranium which will eventually run out too

79
Q

What is sustainable energy?

A

Sustainable energy means future generations can meet their energy needs

80
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

Carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases that an individual and their activities produce, it includes heating, watching TV, energy used to make the products we buy such as food and clothes3

81
Q

How does sustainable design conserve energy?

A

Insulating walls, roofs and floors so less energy is required to heat homes, modern boilers use less energy, electric cars are more efficient than petrol or diesel, solar panels provide low carbon and renewable energy

82
Q

How does increasing efficiency conserve energy?

A

Doing the same job but using less fuel, hybrid cars and trains (use a mix of electricity and petrol/diesel), more efficient engines, power stations switching to gas

83
Q

How does demand reduction conserve energy?

A

Reducing the amount of energy that needs to be produced, encouraging people to turn off lights, only boiling the water they need, improving public transport and encouraging people to walk or cycle

84
Q

What is fracking?

A

Extracting gas that is trapped in shale rock, liquid is pumped into the rock deep underground at high pressure which cracks the rock and releases the gas which is collected and stored

85
Q

What are the advantages of fracking?

A

Lots of gas available in the UK, gas is the least polluting of all the fossil fuels (releases half the CO2 of coal), technology has already been tested in the USA

86
Q

What are the disadvantages of fracking?

A

Gas is not sustainable, it will run out and it CO2, risk of pollution of groundwater, drinking water and air, requires lots of water which is a limited resource, can cause small earthquakes, people do not like the idea of it which why it is not used much is the UK, investing in fracking could cause investment in renewable energy to decrease

Geography GCSE (3 decks)

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