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Inanna Geography > Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increase in proportion of people living in urban areas in comparison to rural areas.

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2
Q

What is a megacity? Examples?

A

A city with a population of over 10 million.

  • Tokyo
  • New York
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3
Q

Why do HICs have slower urban growth than LICs?

A

Because HICs have already urbanised whereas LICSs are currently still urbanising.

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4
Q

What are the two factors that affect urbanisation?

A
  • migration

- natural increase

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5
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of population from one area to another. Rural to urban migration is from the countryside to city areas.

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6
Q

What is a push factor?

A

something that can force or encourage people to move away from and area. E.g. Drought, flooding, lack of employment, war

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7
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

Something which encourages people to move to from an area. E.g. More job opportunities, closer to health services, higher standard for of living in city

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8
Q

What is natural increase?

A

People having babies. Natural increase has a major effect on rates of urbanisation. Birth rates are very high. Can increase as death rates fall. Result of:

  • better medical care
  • improved food supply
  • improved wealth
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9
Q

Describe the location of rio

A
  • south of the equator
  • very close to Tropic of Capricorn
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • South America
  • south east of Brazil
  • near coast
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10
Q

What is rios international importance?

A

2016 olympics

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11
Q

What is rios national importance?

A

Second largest city for industry

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12
Q

What is rios regional importance?

A

Important culture

Carnivals beaches

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13
Q

Why has rio grown

A

Rural to urban migration - people from country moving to city for a better life

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14
Q

Economic opportunities:

A

Manufacturing- wide range of products e.g. Steel, Volta redonda steel woks biggest in South America
Oil refining- rio refined 2 mil barrels per day
Service industries- e.g. Education, health care, 60% of employment in rio in service sector
Tourism- contributes $6.5 bill to rios economy, generates 52,600 jobs

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15
Q

What are the types of employment in rio?

A 
Port industries
Service industries 
Construction 
Steelworks 
Tourism 
Manufacturing 
Oil refining
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16
Q

Rio olympics: opportunities:

A

New sports facilities
New museums
Cleaning up bay
Tourists

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17
Q

Rio olympics: challenges:

A

Nearly bankrupted city
Money not going into important things
Knocking down favelas
Couldn’t keep promises of keeping water clean

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18
Q

Social challenges: How is education in rio an issue?

A
  • only compulsory for 6-14 y/o
  • in rio only half of children continued their education beyond 14
  • many drop out, get involved in drug trafficking
  • shortage of school nearby
  • lack of money and need to work
  • shortage of teachers-poor training
  • can’t get good jobs
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19
Q

What’s been done for education in rio

A
  • encouraging local people to volunteer in schools
  • giving school grants to poor families
  • Opening favela in favela roncinha
20
Q

Social challenges: how is water supply an issue in rio?

A
  • 12% rio didn’t have access to running water
  • estimated 37% of water lost through leaky pipes-became worse in recent years
  • no access to clean water
  • situation becoming worse
21
Q

What’s been done for water supply in rio?

A
  • trying to improve quality + quantity of water in favelas
  • seven new treatment plants built between 1998 and 2014
  • by 2014 95% had means of a water supply
22
Q

Social challenges: how is energy and challenge in rio?

A
  • whole city suffers blackouts due to shortage of electricity
  • growing population + olympics make situation worse
  • many people get their electricity by tapping into the main supply - illegal + unsafe
  • homes without power may not be able to cook
  • someone could be electrocuted
23
Q

What’s been done for energy in rio?

A
  • installed 60km of new power lines
  • built a new nuclear generator
  • developed new simplicio hyrdio-electric complex - increase rios supply by 30%
    • took 6 years to build, cost $2 billion
24
Q

Social challenges: how’s is healthcare an issue in rio?

A
  • 2013, 55% of city has local family health clinic and services for pregnant women and elderly were very poor
  • infant mortality rates high
  • average life expectancy low
25
Q

What been done about healthcare in rio?

A
  • tried to improve healthcare in favela Marta -13km away from hospital
  • medical staff took health kits to people’s homes
26
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

Unofficial jobs e.g. Selling scraps

27
Q

Advantages of the informal economy:

A
  • provide people with money who might not otherwise have a job
  • flexible
  • allows them to do what they want
28
Q

Disadvantages of the informal economy:

A
  • not paying tax -country not improving

- not insured

29
Q

Economic challenges: how’s unemployment a problem in rio?

A

-hit by deep recession in 2015
-increased unemployment
-richest 1% earns 12% of local income
-unemployment rates in favela over 20%
Why an issue:
-protests
-poor education + healthcare
-most work in informal economy -poorly paid, irregular
-don’t pay taxes

30
Q

What’s been done to tackle unemployment in rio?

A
  • Using education to reduce unemployment in youth

- schools of tomorrow programme aims to improve education for poor people

31
Q

Economic challenges: how is crime an issue in rio?

A
  • murder, kidnapping, car jacking, armed assault occur regularly
  • powerful gangs -drug trafficking in favelas
  • Disturbs people’s lives
  • puts off tourists
  • scare people
  • influences youths
32
Q

What’s being done about crime?

A
  • 2013 pacifying police units established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
  • police have taken control of crime dominated complexo do alemão and 30 smaller favelas
33
Q

Environmental challenges: how is traffic congestion an issue in rio?

A
  • causes air pollution-causes 5000 deaths
  • city covered in brown smog
  • most congested city in South America
  • number of cars grown to 40%
  • increases stress and pollution levels
  • wastes times for commuters and business
34
Q

What’s been done about traffic congestion?

A
  • expansion of the metro system
  • new roads into city centre
  • making coast roads one way during rush hour to improve traffic flow
35
Q

Environmental challenges: how is water pollution an issue in rio

A
  • guanabara bay highly polluted
  • over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enter bay in day
  • over 200 raw sewage into bay
  • threat to wildlife
  • damage tourism + local economy
36
Q

What’s been done about water pollution?

A
  • overseas aid been used to reduce sewage in bay
  • 12 new sewage works been built since 2004
  • ships fined for discharging fuel into bay illegally
37
Q

Environmental challenges: how’s waste pollution in rio an issue?

A
  • worst in favelas
  • access difficult for waste lorries
  • most waste dumped-polluted water
  • causes diseases like cholera
  • encourages rats
38
Q

What’s been done about waste pollution?

A
  • Power plant been set up near uni of rio using biogas from rotting rubbish
  • consumes 30 tonnes rubbish a day
  • Produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
39
Q

Rochina- rio

A
  • Southern coast of rio
  • average income $240
  • think 180,000 live there
40
Q

Social challenges in Rochina:

A
  • disease cause of lack of sanitation

- overcrowding -high population density

41
Q

Economic challenges in rochina

A

Lack of formal jobs-leading to poverty

42
Q

Environmental challenges in rochina

A

Litter, waste, sewage everywhere

43
Q

Examples of urban planning

A

-favela bairro project -supply water piped, sewage systems
-formal housing status
-allowed to buy land
‘Amigos da escoda’ -develop pupils reading, encourage people to help out in schools
-Infrastructure -cable car built, cheap bus route, extended metro lines
-waste disposal-4km new sewage pipes, river + channels dredged

44
Q

Impacts of migration on newcastles character:

A
  • increased multi-culturism
  • racism/conflict
  • Chinatown
  • west road
  • mela
45
Q

Impacts of migration on newcastles growth

A
  • they pay tax -contributes to economy
  • strain on healthcare, housing, jobs
  • fill job shortages
46
Q

What opportunities has urban change created in Newcastle?

A

-CULTURAL MIX
-china town
-fenham and west road
-mela
The ouseburn
-RECREATION + ENTERTAINMENT
-nightlife

Inanna Geography (2 decks)

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