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GCSE Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanization

A

The growth of the population of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

What are the 2 main causes for urbanization

A
  1. Rural to urban migration (push and pull factors)
  2. Natural increase (birth rate is higher than death rate)
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3
Q

What 4 factors have lead to urbanisation and megacities

A
  • Economic development (encompasses everything)
  • Migration (push and pull factors)
  • Location (river, near coast, docks create easy jobs)
  • Natural increase (younger people are of child bearing age)
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4
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro

A
  • South east coast of Brazil.
  • Surrounded by 10 different countries in south america.
  • Sits just above the tropic of cancer, near the equator.
  • Very close to the city of Sau Paulo and the south Atlantic.
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5
Q

Why is Rio important regionally

A
  • Main services are banking, finance, and insurance.
  • Stunning natural surroundings make it one of the most visited cities in south america.
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6
Q

Why is Rio important nationally

A
  • Brazil’s second most industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil’s GDP.
  • Main manufacturing industries are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture, and processed food.
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7
Q

Why is Rio important globally

A
  • It hosted matches during the 2014 world cup and the 2016 Olympics.
  • The statue of Christ the redeemer is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World.
  • A major port, exports coffee, sugar, and iron ore.
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8
Q

Migration in Rio

A

Migration is when people move from one area or country to another. It has been responsible for 65% of the growth in Rio over the last 150 years.

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9
Q

Social and economic opportunities in Rio - Energy

A

99% of Rio has access to energy due to Hydro Electric Power (HEP) this improves peoples welfare.

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10
Q

Social and economic opportunities in Rio - Healthcare

A

There are 105 hospitals. Life expectancy is increasing and infant mortality is decreasing.

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11
Q

Social and economic opportunities in Rio - Education

A

Illiteracy is 4%.
There are 1000 primary schools and 400 secondary schools.
19 of the top 50 schools in Brazil are in Rio.

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12
Q

Social and economic opportunities in Rio - Water

A

95% of the population have access to clean water which means better sanitation of health.

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13
Q

Why has Rio grown so much economically in recent years?

A
  • It has high income per head
  • It has a large industrial centre
  • It has a growing population
  • Oil has been discovered off shore
  • It is a popular tourist destination.
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14
Q

Social and economic challenges in Rio - Education

A
  • Only half continue education after 14. (start getting involved in drug trafficking to support family).
  • There is a shortage of schools, money, teachers, and training.
  • Favela children have a hard time accessing education.
  • 2015, 129,000 children missed a class due to violence in areas.
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15
Q

Social and economic challenges in Rio - Healthcare

A
  • Only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic.
  • Access is particularly poor for pregnant women and the elderly.
  • There has been many disputes due to a lack of money, government had often failed to fix it.
  • Favelas are inaccessible making it difficult to provide decent care for the most vulnerable.
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16
Q

Social and economic challenges in Rio - Unemployment

A
  • Most work in the informal economy in favelas.
  • Work in the informal sector is less than £60 a month.
  • Unemployment rates are over 20%.
  • About one third of Rios 3.5 million workers don’t have a formal contract.
  • People work as street vendors, maids, drivers, or laborers.
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17
Q

Social and economic challenges in Rio - Energy

A
  • There are frequent blackouts
  • The poorest will often illegally tap into the electricity supply.
  • Most energy is HEP meaning a reliance on water.
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18
Q

Social and economic challenges in Rio - Water supply

A
  • 12% of the population have no access to water.
  • Estimated 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes.
  • Reservoirs across SE Brazil have been declared empty.
  • Very poor water quality. Sewage.
  • Only half of Rios waste water is treated.
  • Complicated water relations between Sau Paulo and Rio.
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19
Q

Social and economic opportunities in Rio - Crime

A
  • Murder, kidnapping, carjacking, and armed assault occur regularly.
  • Powerful gangs such as the Red Command control drug trafficking in the favelas.
  • In 2013 pacifying police units were created to reclaim favelas from drug dealers.
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20
Q

(Rio) Formal sector jobs

A

Jobs in this sector are secure, paid well and taxed.

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21
Q

(Rio) Informal sector jobs

A

Jobs in this sector are not secure, poorly, paid, and do not have unemployment benefit.

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22
Q

Unemployment in Rio

A
  • Richest 1% earns 12% of the total income.
  • Income of poorest 50% is only 13% of the total income.
  • Hit by recession in 2015.
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23
Q

What are favelas (Rio)

A

Favelas are squatter settlements in Brazil. They are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land that they didn’t own.

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24
Q

Where are the Favelas in Rio located

A
  • There are up to 1000 favelas in the greater Rio area.
  • 60% are in the suburbs.
  • 25% are in the outer parts of the city.
  • Some are being built up to 40 km from the city centre.
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25
Q

Where are favelas usually built and why (Rio)

A

They are usually built on a hillside because this land is cheaper and not in use.

26
Q

How are favelas being improved in Rio

A

Authorities in Rio didn’t acknowledge the existence of them until 1980.
In the mid 1980s they decided to upgrade and help them by providing essential services through schemes like the Favela Bairro Project.

27
Q

How are the conditions in Favelas in Rio improving

A
  • Better access to roads therefore waste can be collected ans services can come through.
  • Making houses more permanent and safer.
  • New piping provides access to water and energy.
  • Putting schools and centres so that children can possibly get a job in the formal sector in the future.
28
Q

How is the Favela Bairro Project improving life in favelas in Rio
- Social

A
  • Daycare
  • Improving adult literacy to increase income.
  • Medical services for addiction and victims of domestic violence.
29
Q

How is the Favela Bairro Project improving life in favelas in Rio
- Environmental

A
  • Replacing buildings with brick
  • Removing houses from dangerous slopes
  • Widening streets to allow waste disposal and emergency services.
30
Q

How is the Favela Bairro Project improving life in favelas in Rio
- Economic

A
  • People can apply to legally own their properties so that they can improve them.
  • Access to credit to allow people to buy things for their homes.
31
Q

What is the effect of the Olympics on favelas (Rio)

A
  • There was a move to destroy favelas where the facilities would be.
  • In 2010 the government of Brazil announced a massive upgrade as a legacy to the Olympics.
  • The Carioca programme was overly ambitious in what it wanted to achieve.
32
Q

Have the residents benefitted from the Olympics in Rio

A
  • Brought Rio onto the world stage.
  • Problems of favelas was recognized for improvement.
  • Venders could sell to tourists.
  • Some favelas were destroyed to make room and others faced higher rent as the area became more expensive.
33
Q

Has the favela Bairro project been a success or a failiure (Rio)
- Positives

A
  • By 2005, 100 favelas had been improved.
  • Quality of life, mobility, and employment prospects improved.
  • Cable car put in as a nexample of development in Alemao
  • Training available in hygiene, computing, and comunity development.
34
Q

How is the Favela Bairro Project improving life in favelas in Rio
- Negatives

A
  • Training had limited success as people lacked basic literacy skills
  • Credit schemes not widely available
  • New infrastructure expensive and not well maintained.
  • Elevated pavements caused flooding.
  • Rents rose in improved favelas.
35
Q

Which area of Rio is the most important in Rio

A

The centro zone
Headquarters of huge Brazilian companies. Many historic and cultural buildings.

36
Q

Why were the main Olympic stadiums located in the west rather than the south in Rio

A

It was turned into a wealthy coastal suburb with lots of tourist facilities which would be good for the masses.

37
Q

Why is Rochina located in the south zone (Rio)

A

The richest zone and thereforea favela has appeared because people cannot aford to live there.

38
Q

Why are the oil companies located in the centro zone (Rio)

A

It is the centre of the city as well as the financial ca centre. The headquarters of huge companies are in the sky scrapers.

39
Q

Which area needs the most improvement and why (Rio)

A

The north zone because it is poor ans most favelas are there. No police, drug gangs are influential. murder rates are high.

40
Q

Which area needs the least improvements and why (Rio)

A

The centro zone because it is financially and culturally rich and there are less favelas anywhere. It also appeals to tourists too.

41
Q

What is an influential drug gang in Rio

A

A prolific gang is the Red command. A group that began as a left wing political rebellion. When cocaine arrived it lost its political ideology and focused of drug trafficking to expand their territory.

42
Q

One fact that shows police brutality is a problem in Rio

A

Police kill 1 in every 23 arrests.
In the USA it is 1/37,000

43
Q

Overall, what has annual net migration done from 1990 to 2016 in the UK.

A

ANM has increased into the UK.
For example, in 1990 it was only 50,000 but in 2015 the net migration was over 300,000.

44
Q

What is the main countries of Birth for migrants to Bristol, 2011 census.

A

Poland - 6415
Somalia - 4947
India - 3809

45
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city? 5

A
  • Education
  • Industry
  • Religion
  • Culture and entertainment
  • Tourism
46
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city - Education

A

It has 2 universities.

47
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city - Religion

A

A mix including mosques and synagogues. Christianity is represented by two cathedrals.

48
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city - Culture and entertainment

A

Several theatres and music venues, including the famous Bristol Old Vic. Home to Aardman, the animators of Wallace and gromit.

49
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city - Industry

A

The largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside of California.

50
Q

What makes Bristol a major UK city - Tourism

A

The UK’d 8th most popular city for foreign visitors. Attractions include Brunel’s ship SS GB and Bristol Zoo.

51
Q

How did Bristol develop

A

It developed in the 18th century as part of the triangular trade linking West Africa and the West Indies.

52
Q

Why is Bristol an important international city?

A
  • Position on the M4 corridor
  • Bristol airport
  • Development of global industries.
  • High level of inward investment
  • Bristol university, students all over the world.
53
Q

Population of Bristol

A

Has a population of 440 500. The population is expected to reach half a million by 2029.

54
Q

National migration

A

Movement of people inside a country.
e.g. London to Bristol.

55
Q

International migration

A

Movement of people into a country from another country.
e.g. Pakistan to the UK

56
Q

How has Bristol’s youthful population influenced its cultural opportunities?

A

There is a vibrant underground music scene. A vast range of entertainment in the form of plays, dance, opera, and musical theatre.

57
Q

Why are sports developments in Bristol providing more than just new sport facilities

A

The stadiums are developed to provide a range of leisure and conference facilities and accommodation.

58
Q

What impact has the out of town retail park at Cribbs Causeway had on shopping in Bristol’s city centre

A
  • Less people want to shop in the centre as the shops are outdated.
  • In order to attract more people they made a more attractive environment. florals
  • Improved public transport to get there.
59
Q

Location of Bristol in the UK

A

In the south-west at the mouth of the river Avon and with M4 connecting it to London.

60
Q

Importance of Bristol in the UK

A

It used to be a huge port for trade and it is very culturally diverse.

61
Q

How is Bristol changing
- Population

A
  • Population growing rapidly
  • Becoming more ethnically diverse.
  • Over 2 million people live within 50 km of the city.
  • More people under 16 than of pensionable age.
62
Q

How is Bristol changing
- Travel

A
  • Electrification of the rail line reduced the journey to London to just 70 minutes.
  • Its network of motorway, road, rail, and air connections has made it more accessible.

GCSE Geography (3 decks)

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