Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The increase of population in urban areas such as towns and cities
How much of the worlds population is living in urban areas
50% of people (UN 2007)
Where is urbanisation happening?
All over the world but at a slower rate in HICs than LICs and NEEs.
What is the correlation between life expectancy and urbanisation? and why?
Positive correlation.
Urban have better access to hospital + doctor
Urban has access to health information e.g radio and TV
In urban more women are likely to have more knowledge of family planning and child birth
Why does urbanisation increase life expectancy?
Urbanization can increase life expectancy because it improves access to medical care, education, and other factors that impact health.
What is the term associated with the cause of urbanisation
Rural to urban migration
What is rural to urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to cities and towns / rural to urban areas.
What are push factors?
Factors that encourage people to move away from an area / place
What are pull factors?
Factors that pull people to an area / place
What are the push factors causing urbanisation?
Natural disasters
War and conflict
Mechanisation ( reduction of jobs )
Lack of opportunities
Lack of job opportunities
What are the pull factors that cause urbanisation?
More jobs
Education
Healthcare
+Quality of life
Family members
What is natural increase?
Birth rate is higher than death rate.
Reasons for increased birth rate
- Migration is usually young adults. This high population of child baring age leads to a higher birth rate in that area
- Lack of education of contraception/ family planning
- In the Uk migrant groups have higher fertility rates.
Reasons for decreased death rate
- Higher life expectancy because of supply of clean water, living conditions and diet
- Improved medical facilities , lower infant mortality rates + raise life expectancy.
What is a mega city?
An urban area with over 10 million people living there.
Where are the majority of mega cities located.
Asia
What is the number of megacities meant to increase to in 2030
From 28 to 41
Definition of sustainable urban living
Being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can also use them.
What are the 4 factors of sustainable urban living
Water conservation, energy conservation, creating green spaces, waste recycling
Ways of water conservation
- Rainwater harvesting -> water for gardening or toilets not drinking.
- Instal water metre -> discourage water use (dual flush toilet)
- Education -> importance of water
What is energy conservation
Using less fossil fuel to reduce the rate of climate change
Ways of energy conservation
1.Promoting renewable energy sources e.g solar panels.
2.making homes and appliances more energy efficient
3.using wood not brick in building
What does creating green space do?
Make people who want to live there even more inclined to.
Ways creating green spaces is good
1.Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
2.encourages people to exercise
3. Reduces risk of flood as reduces surface run off
4. Reduces airborne particles
Why is waste recycling good?
More recycling means using fewer resources -> reduces the amount that goes to landfill -> reduces gas ( methane ) and water contamination.
Ways of waste recycling
1.Collection of household waste
2. More local recycling facilities
3. Greater awareness of the benefits in recycling
What is a settlement?
Where people live (town / city)
Definition of Urban
An area with a high density of buildings; such as a town / city
Definition of Rural
An area outside a town / city in the countryside with a low density of buildings
What is a sphere of influence
The average distance people are willing to travel to use a service
What is the settlement hierarchy? From least to most populated
Isolated dwelling-> hamlet -> village -> small town -> large town -> city -> conurbation
What does the increase of size of settlement mean for population and services
Higher population and services
What Does the settlement hierarchy mean for frequency as it goes up
It decreases
What is the definition of urbanisation and what is it a result of?
A growing proportion of people living in urban areas. It is a result of natural increase and migration
What is a HIC in terms of urban growth
Largest urban population.
What is an LIC in terms of urban growth?
are urbanising at the quickest rate
Which continent has the largest population living in urban areas
Asia
what is natural increase and what is an example?
More births that deaths
Many people moving to urban areas as a result of industrialisation means they are more likely to have children
What is rural -urban migration and what is the example
Moving from country side to the urban areas
Range of push and pull factors
What are the push factors for rural to urban migration
- Lack of services so people die from poor healthcare
- Crop failure so people have less food and less income
- lack of job opportunities so people have a lack of income -malnutrition
What are the pull factors for rural to urban migration
- Access to education sp people are able to gain employment in later life
- Higher paid jobs so people have more disposable income so they can afford medicine so their life expectancy increases
What is a mega city?
A city with more than 10 million people
Where is Rio de Janeiro
South east of Brazil
What is the local importance of Rio de Janeiro?
12 million people live there
Provides jobs in banking finance and insurance
What is the national importance of Rio de Janeiro
-It used top be the capital of Brazil
5% of Brazils GNI output
What is the global importance of Rio de Janeiro
-one of the 7 wonders of the world
-UNESCO world heritage site
- Exports coffee, sugar, and iron ore
- 2014 fifa World Cup
2016 summer Olympics
What are the social opportunities of urbanisation in rio
-access to services and health and education
-access to resources - water supply and energy
- cultural capital of Brazil (carnival, World Cup,olymics)
Economic opportunities in Rio.
Well paid jobs in banking finance and insurance
A major port provides jobs exporting coffee and sugar.
Jobs with tourists
What is a mega city
10 million +
Why are LICs’ cities growing quickly?
- Rural to urban migration as of industrialisation results in natural increase as there are more young people looking for jobs and they are more likely to have more children.
- Also have access to services
What is deindustrialisation?
Regeneration of an area. Aka reducing industrialisation, especially manufacturing, as the primary sector for economic growth
What are the opportunities for deindustrialisation.
Social: regeneration can be sustainable. E.g the greenhouse project in Beeston
Economic: regeneration can create jobs and bring economic activity into a derelict or deprived area
What are the challenges of deindustrialisation?
Social: 23% of people in Armley no qualifications so become unemployed as all worked in factories which were shut down.
Economic:people lose their jobs so economy goes down.
What is the example for regeneration?
Greenhouse project
What is the example of urban sprawl?
Housing estate in Bramhope
What is the opportunity of urban sprawl
More amenities and services are set up on the outskirts of cities. Like guisley retail park. It means that jobs are created and not much for travel service.
What are the challenges of urban sprawl
Social: more congestion on the outskirts of town which means more co2 and also poorer health
Economic: building on greenfield land destroys habitats and reduces biodiversity. Creates more co2 in the atmosphere and reduces trees, contributing to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
