urban issues and challenges Flashcards
urbanisation
the process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population lives in towns and cities
rate of urbanisation in : HICs
HIC- very slow as most of the population already live in urban areas during the industrial revolution + people move to rural areas for better quality of life
rate of urbanisation : LICs
LIC- vert fast as people are moving to urban areas for better quality of life
rate of urbanisation : NEEs
NEE- varied as in some countries urbanisation will have already occurred but not for others
factors affecting rate of urbanisation : rural-urban migration
the movement of people from a rural area to urban areas ( cities )
factors affecting rate of urbanisation : natural increase
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate ( birth rate increases as better access to healthcare and young fertile people move to cities )
push factors : social , economic , environmental
social : lack of housing services , poor housing , lack of health care
economic : Rural poverty , people live a subsistence lifestyle
environmental : drought , desertification, soil erosion
pull factors :social ,economic , environmental
social : better housing ,education, public transport
Economic : more high paying / wider variety of jobs
megacity
a city with over 10 million population
Rio de Janeiro - location
South America , south east Brazil , south east of the capital Brasilia
Rio de Janeiro - regional importance
there are five industrial districts in the city -provide jobs for the locals
Tijuca National Park- in north zone of rio
Rio de Janeiro - national importance
products 5%brazils GDP
until 1960 was Brazil’s capital - still cultural capital
second largest exporting city in Brazil - $7.49 billion worth of goods yearly
Rio de Janeiro - international importance
home to many Brazilian based global companies e.g. Santander
Rio hosted the 2014 football world cup and the 2016 Olympics.
UNESCO heritage site
multiplier effect
where one affect leads to another positive knock on effect
young people migrate to Rio , work and pay taxes and government gets money to improve services
Rio de Janeiro -opportunities education
6 major unis
contains 19 of the top 50 schools in the country
Rio de Janeiro opportunities - healthcare
Life expectancy in Rio is 77 years - a 73-years in Brazil
health care has rapidly improved there are 105 hospitals in Rio
Rio de Janeiro - opportunities resources
Simplicio hydroelectric complex built in 2013 supplies the city with 30% more energy
95% of the population in Rio de Janeiro has a mains water supply - 65% in rural
Rio de Janeiro opportunities- employment
the 2nd most
important industrial centre after São Paulo
Rio has one of the
highest incomes per head in the country
city provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro - challenges social
12% of Rio’s population has no access to running water
2013 only 55% has access to a local health care clinic
Only 50% of children continue education after 14
Rio de Janeiro challenge - economic
Informal sector is poorly paid - less then £60 a month
Unemployment rate is over 20%
30% of Rio’s 3.5 million workers work in informal sector and don’t pay taxes
Rio de Janeiro challenge - economic
Informal sector is poorly paid - less then £60 a month
Unemployment rate is over 20%
30% of Rio’s 3.5 million workers work in informal sector and don’t pay taxes
Rio de Janeiro challenges - environmental
most congested city in South America - air pollution
Open sewage - 200 tonnes of raw sewage released daily - water pollution
sanitation
Measures designed to protect public health
birth rate
The number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year.
