🔵Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
Urban trends in different parts of the world
Highest rate of charge = LIC’s = Africa + Asia
Rates of urbanisation and HIC’s is lower
In NEE’s rate of urbanisation are starting to slow down as urbanisation happen early in these countries such as Brazil. Also slower rate verbalisation in Europe/North America as a higher percentage of the people in these areas already live in urban areas
What’s an urban area?
A built-up area
Eg. Town / city
What is urbanisation?
Proportion of people living in urban areas, it’s currently 60%
Give some causes of growth
LIC’s + NEE’s
Natural increase — increasing birth rate and death rate
Migration – push and pull theory
What is the push and pull theory?
A pull factor is the reason people want to go to urban areas and a push factor is a reason people want to leave.
What are some examples of pull factors?
Social – doctor to patient ratio/healthcare + schooling is better
Political – freedom and stability
Environmental – natural disaster risk decreases
Economic - variety and better paid jobs
Examples of push factors?
Environmental – droughts are more likely, leave soil dry and infertile which limits the food supply resulting in less money
Social – bad healthcare/doctor to patient ratio is bad
Political – there are political issues and no/less freedom
Economic – scarce and badly paid jobs compared to urban areas areas
Mumbai importance regionally
It’s the capital of the Maharashtra state
Has the best education in universities
Offers the most social and economic opportunities creating a rural to urban pool
Best living standard
Best healthcare
Has an unskilled workforce
Has factory jobs – trade
Mumbai importance nationally
Connect other Indian cities via rail and road links
6% of India’s GDP and 40% of foreign trade and 25% of industrial production in Mumbai
Hope the technical industries
Reserve bank of India
Entertainment and fashion Central
International importance of Mumbai
Significant shipping routes, had a large port in large airports which is good for exports. Shipping routes through the Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea
Centre of the Hindi movie industries and produces the largest number of films per year in the world, is home to ‘Bollywood Films’
How has urban growth created opportunities
Mumbai
Economic – finance capital of India/employs a large number of people/centre of Hindi movie industry/easy to be self-employed
Social – high literacy rates/better and more schools/more job opportunities/has some of the most expensive property in the world
Environmental - more renewable energy can be used
Why did Hulme need regeneration?
In the 1950s Hulme experienced mass slum clearance and aim to improve housing but initial regeneration failed – long concrete buildings, four stories high with built cheap and quickly there was a lot of community and isolated feelings and social issues such as crime and vandalism developed. Industries closed and unemployment increased there was also no usable green space
Main features of Hulme regeneration project explained
1990’s regeneration took place
Social — Created housing in circular structure to create a sense of community a better housing standard. Reduction in crime rates (safer)
Environmental – usable green space such as garden centre and Hulme Park
Economic – more jobs (High Street)/ Z-arts
How have urban transport strategies been used to reduce traffic congestion?
Clean streets campaign, bike rentals
London has an integrated transport system which is all controlled by the TFL, it’s efficient and easy to use so it attracts more people to use (reduction in car use)
Congestion charge introduced in 2003
Charge people who are into London by car
Global pattern of urban change
Overall % of population in urban areas has increased.
Most developed areas - steeply rose between 1950-2000, then started to slow down, predicted to plateau near 2050
Population 1950=50%, population 2050 = 85%
Less developed areas - very steeply rising between 1950-2050 at a fairly constant rate (more fast near the 2030-2050)
Population in urban areas 1950=20%, 2050 = 75%
Least developed countries - steep rise between 1950-2000, but extremely steep rise between 2020-2050.
Population in urban areas in 1950 = 8%, 2050 = over 50%
What’s are megacities?
A very large city with a total population of over 10million people
Where is megacity growth most present
Asia
America also has quite a lot of megacities but Asia has more
Megacity examples
Shanghai (China) Beijing (China) Delhi (India) Tokyo Beijing New York (America)
How has urban growth created challenges?
Mumbai
Environmental =initially an area of temporary shelter, now is a permanent feature / water pipes often run close to sewer lines and there are often leaks contaminating the clean water. Dharavi - children play alongside sewer waste / doctors deal with 4000 cases a day of sewage related disease / rubbish left in streets / contamination of water / overcrowded roads
Social = inadequate resources + declining standards in public institutions / high crime rates (1/3 of population are victims of crime) / water shortages / overcrowding - diseases spread fast
Economic = lots of unemployment - urbanisations the main cause (economic growth can’t keep up)/ people are low paid / drop out rates high especially in slum areas (kids need to get jobs to help family)
What’s a social opportunity?
Opportunities that help people on some way or other
Social opportunity - healthcare
Mumbai
People have easier access to a wider range of medical devices (doctors/hospitals/nurses). Even poorer people have access to these that they wouldn’t have if they lived in a more rural area.
Social opportunities - education
Migration to Mumbai to have better education system for their children
Social / environmental opportunities - water supply
Variable in Mumbai
Dharavi slum - water only in use for 2h a day + queue for water, however at least they do not needed to walk to a local well and the water is clean with no parasites / harmful substances.
Social / environment opportunities - energy
Mumbai allows people to live with benefit of energy / electricity. Some rural areas in India do not have electricity.
It also enables the use of renewable energy.
Economic opportunities - employment
Mumbai has large unskilled workforce making it easy to be employed.
Large range of jobs on Mumbai / banking jobs / film industry / rag pickers
Has a formal and informal economy
What’s a formal economy?
registered jobs where the workers’ pay taxes to the government and the companies have a legal obligation to protect their workers, offer holidays and pay regular wages.
What’s an informal economy?
no minimum wage, the workers are unlikely to pay taxes, have no holiday rights and often work in dangerous or hazardous conditions.
Eg. rag picking, breaking up and recycling old electronic products, recycling waste, making pottery, selling items on the street etc.
The key to many these jobs is that they cost little to set up, use simple tools and are labour intensive (involve lots of human work).
Solution to water pollution - Mumbai
Upgrade sewerage plants by Government and city authorities and ensure treated sewage is optimised at the highest level before being released
Solution to water - Mumbai
slum of Dharavi has a recycling zone - way to more sustainable future.
Plastics / computers / cosmetics can be recycled. Up to 80% of waste is recycled in Dharavi.
Rag pickers earn money from the sorting and recycling of our waste.
Use of saline water on mounds of garbage would reduce the genesis of bacteria that generates methane.
Solution to traffic congestion - Mumbai
With support from the World Bank, the city recently invested in a new traffic management system.
simple system and has proved quite effective in easing the pain of Mumbai’s ever-present jams, but it certainly hasn’t eradicated them.
2017 Urban transport plan - develop infrastructure for walking, cycling or public transport.
Solution to air pollution - Mumbai
Maharashtra state government’s pollution mitigation plans seems inadequate to tackle the problem of air pollution.
Individuals are being encouraged to make personal changes by choosing to carpool or use public transport instead of using their own private vehicle. Switching over to greener fuels would be environmentally beneficial too.
reduce the amount of petroleum products currently being used.
Positives of squatter settlements redevelopment in Mumbai
Clean water piped to every home - no queue for water
Sewage pipes take away human waste - no one makes contact with this waste, reduces chance of cholera
Homes have addresses, council can collect tax, imports services
Industrial areas are away from residential areas - improves quality of life as they’re not in contact with hazardous materials
Organised wide roads provided - allows for delivery of organised waste management services, no longer live amongst waste
Negatives of squatter settlements redevelopment in Mumbai
Council can collect taxes, poor will be badly effected by this
There is little communal space, loss of sense of community
Industrial and residential areas separated, people now have to commute to work
Very small accommodation (21m^2), families broken up due to cramped conditions
People lose jobs (rag pickers)
Economic concerns of squatter settlements redevelopment in Mumbai
Maintenance cost
Apartment = less contact with customers
Small space = can’t work in the same way they used to (eg. no drying space)
Social concerns about squatter settlements redevelopment in Mumbai
Loss of community feeling
Erodes previous lifestyle
Apartment = smaller than current housing
Commercial motive
Residents only get regimes if they can prove they are legitimate residents
National slum dweller association set up to fight against thus (over 1million people in this)
Location of London
UK
South East England
