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Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

What is Urbanisation?

A

This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities.

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2
Q

Causes of Rural - Urban Migration (Push)

A
  • Natural disasters
  • War and conflict
  • Mechanisation
  • Drought
  • Lack of employment
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3
Q

Causes of the movement of people from rural to urban areas (pull)

A
  • More Jobs
  • Better education
  • Better healthcare
  • Increased quality of life
  • Following family members
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4
Q

Natural increase meaning?

A

When birth rate exceeds the death rate.

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5
Q

Causes in the increase in birth rate.

A
  • High percentage of population are child-bearing age which leads to high fertility rate
  • Lack of contraception or education about family planning.
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6
Q

Causes of lower death rate?

A
  • High life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet.
  • Improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate.
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7
Q

What is a Megacity?

A

An Urban area with over 10 million people living there.

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8
Q

Sustainable urban living

A

Means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations also can use them.

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9
Q

Water Conservation?

A

About reducing the amount of water used.

  • Collecting rainfall for gardens and flushing toilets.
  • Installing water meters and toilets that flush using less water.
  • Educating people on using less water.
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10
Q

Energy Conservation?

A

Using less fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change.

  • Promoting renewable energy sources.
  • Making homes more energy efficient.
  • Encouraging people to use energy.
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11
Q

Creating green space?

A

Can improve places for people who want to live there.

  • Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in.
  • Encourages people to exercise.
  • Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.
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12
Q

Water Recycling?

A

More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill.
- Collection of household waste.
- More local recycling facilities.
Greater awareness of the benefits in recycling.

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13
Q

Traffic management.

A

Urban areas are busy with many people travelling using different modes of transport. This causes traffic congestion.

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14
Q

Environmental, economic and social problems with traffic management.

A

Environmental - Traffic increases the air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change.
Economic - Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to loose money.
Social - Greater risks in accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.

People selling in markets all around are near the fumes all day so it cannot be good for their health.

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15
Q

Solutions to congestion?

A
  • Widen roads to allow more cars to get through and traffic to flow easily.
  • Introduce park and ride schemes.
  • Encourage car sharing.
  • Build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres.
  • Have public transport.
  • Having congestion charges to discourage drives from entering the busy city centres.
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16
Q

Integrated transport system.

A

Linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding areas.

17
Q

Brownfield Site.

A

Area of land or premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated.

18
Q

Greenbelt area?

A

The zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try prevent cities from growing too much and too fast.

19
Q

Urban regeneration?

A

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.

20
Q

Urban change in Major UK city case study.

A

London

21
Q

Location and background of London

A

SE England on the river Thames. Originally created by the Romans as a port and the bridging point. By 2015 London’s population had reached 8.6 million people.

22
Q

The opportunities?

A
  • Notting Hill (house prices)
  • Cross Rail (1.5 million people brought within a 45 minute journey of central London)
  • Urban Greening (Protection of green space, encouraging people to feed birds, look after wildlife and connect green spaces so that species can migrate naturally).
23
Q

Cities challenges?

A

Notting Hill - Lead to riots.

Cross Rail - Outpricing first time buyers therefore people cannot afford to by a house in neighbouring areas.

Urban greening - Garden Bridge was cancelled in 2017 due to economic costs. It had already costed the tax payer £40 million.

24
Q

London Docklands.

A

Was set up in 1981 to reverse inner city decline, after it had been abandoned in 1950s.

Problems - Decline in population lack of public transport and shopping facilities, high unemployment, lack of open space and recreation facilities, derelict land.

Solutions - Pedestrian and cycle routes. 20000 trees planted. 2700 new businesses.

Criticisms - Didn’t benefit residents, houses too expensive, new jobs required a different skill set to those of the original residents & lost sense of community.

25
Q

Urban change in Major NEE city (case study)?

A

Lagos, Nigeria

26
Q

Location and Background?

A

Largest city sprawls inland from the Gulf of Guinea across Lagos Lagoon.

27
Q

Causes of growth?

A

Natural Increase.

Rural-Urban migration (500,000 people per year are moving to the city).

28
Q

Managing growth in the slums?

A
  • Clean water is brought from communal points.
  • 60% live in slums eg. Makoko.
  • Cholera outbreaks due to poor sanitation.
  • Communal toilets.
  • Electricity only available illegally.
  • Majojo one primary school.
  • 37% illiteracy rates
  • Most live on < £1 per day
  • Informal economy
  • High Crime
29
Q

Cities Opportunities (social, economic & environmental)?

A

Social - Better range of healthcare and hospitals

  • Access to electricity (cooking and lighting)
  • People can develop businesses
  • Safe treated water.
  • Economic - Sheltered harbour
  • International airport
  • Good rail and road links
  • Universities and schools so people can be well educated
  • Centre of industry, finance, port and fishing.
  • Environmental - Opportunity to build sustainably.
  • Recycling of waste.
30
Q

Cities Challenges?

A

Waste - Olusoson landfill (13% recycled, 40% rubbish collected. Toxicity.
- Plan to produce 25MW energy from gases
Air Traffic - Little legislation on emissions
- Traffic congestion (up to 2 hour communes/ 3x higher fatal accidents)
- 28/100000/ air pollution 5x higher than recommended limit.
Water - Only 10% piped. Rely on water vendors.
- Open drains carry surface water into the lagoon. Contains raw sewage.
- Rising sea levels increase salt in ground water, increase floods lead to sewage in homes and on streets.

Geography (3 decks)

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