Urban - human Flashcards
Case Study: why did traffic congestion increase in Edinburgh?
- growing car ownership linked to increasing wealth
- growth in new shopping centres, such as the Gyle which attracts around 400,000 vehicles per month
- tourism, which brings in several million visitors a year, choked with tourist buses
- new retail parks e.g IKEA
- growth of Edinburgh Airport
- in 2011, it was the 2nd most congested city in the UK
Case Study: strategies to decrease congestion in Edinburgh
- Edinburgh city bypass
- railway station improvements ( e.g £25 million upgrade at Haymarket)
- improvements of key roads, pavements and footpaths
- easy and clear ticketing on buses
- new bus shelters and pedestrian crossings
- In 2014; a new tramway system was completed. The electrified system has reduced air and noise pollution and cut travel time from airport and Leith to city centre, however some locals felt upheaval was unnecessary as the city had excellent bus systems
Case Study: Traffic congestion arose in Shanghai from?
- an increasing number of commuters travelling in from the suburbs
- extensive public transport systems
- slow moving rush hour traffic
- an increasing number of private car ownership
Case study: strategies in Shanghai
- a metro, now connecting to every urban district; 14 networks and 329 railway stations with 538km of track
- over 1000 bus lanes with a huge modernisation programme in progess
- “stradding bus”; a 3D fast bus that lets private cars pass underneath it as it continues in a virtually traffic free zone ahead, powered by electricity and solar energy, can carry around 1200-1400 passengers at a time without blocking other vehicles way; reducing traffic jams by 20-30%
Case Study: India
Mumbai is the largest city which contrasts extreme wealth and widespread poverty, a population of over 20 million and is the most overcrowded city in thew world; biggest slum in Asia, a large criminal underworld combined with different cultures, ethnic groups and religion
Case Study; India- push factors to move to the cities
- limited sources e.g food, water jobs
- not enough land to harvest crops and make money
- starvation
- no benefits
Case Study; India- pull factors to move to the cities
- jobs
- better healthcare
- education
- better living conditions
Rural-urban fringe
the interface between the countryside and the town and it is where there can be a clash for competing uses
Urban Sprawl
the growth of the city on the periphery
Causes of urban sprawl
- pressure for retail and commercial expansion e.g prime four
- rehousing development from inner city
- new housing estates with schools, shops and health centres e.g Chapelton (countesswells)
- pressure to find space for urban waste : landfill
- growth of villages in the commuter belt e.g oldfold development at milltimber
Problems and conflicts of urban sprawl
- loss of farmland
- loss of existing woodland, school playing fields
- conflicting demand from refuse sites
- loss of community spirit in villages as they merge with the city
- possible increase in population
Strategies of urban sprawl
- planning zones, restrictions and zoning regulations to protect the countryside
- a “master plan” so that developments can be controlled
- counter-urbanisation strategies to encourage developments within the city boundaries
a model of urban decay
- HOUSING
- ageing housing stock
- poorly maintained empty properties
- large/small site clearances
- the gap between abandonment and renewal
- INDUSTRY:
- decline of old industrial core e.g ship building
- industrial relocation
- sites abandoned
- loss of jobs
- some key factories located overseas
- SOCIAL
- unemployment
- increasing levels of poverty
- less money to spend
- loss of community spirit
- deterioration in health, education, equality
- closure of shops and services
- ENVIRONMENT:
- old industrial landscape
- abandonment
- waste land
- unattractive gap sites
- empty houses
Features of the Dharavi redevelopment project
- part of Dharavi will have to be knocked down
- high-rise apartments will be built for some residents
- each family will recieve a 21-square metre apartment
- will have water, sewerage and electricity
- only residents who have lived in Dharavi since before the year 2000 will be eligible for an apartment
- will take 7 years to build and will cost £2 billion
- paid for by private companies, not by city of Mumbai
Main drawbacks of the Dharavi redevelopment project
- only some families will be rehoused
- people are unhappy that they will be given small apartments
- many families are currently living about their workshops which would be difficult in high-rise apartments
